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ΑΝ 


INTRODUCTION 


TO THE 


GREEK OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 


BY 


GEO. L. CARY, 


OF THE MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. 


SECOND EDITION. 


ANDOVER: 
WARREN F. DRAPER, 


MAIN STREET. 


1881. 


CoPpyRicut, 1878. 
By GEO. L. CARY. 


22.957 


ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE. 


It is believed that there are many persons (some of them 
students in theology) unacquainted with the Greek language, 
and with neither time nor inclination for the study of classical 
Greek literature, who would nevertheless be glad to read the 
New Testament in its original tongue. For the aid of such, 
this little work has been prepared. It contains what is abso- 
lutely necessary for the understanding of New Testament Greek, 
omitting (or occasionally introducing in brackets) what is appli- 
cable only to classical authors. Not that a familiarity with 
this book alone will enable one to read offhand the Greek New 
Testament without further assistance ; but he who has faith- 
fully studied this “ Introduction ” will then be in a situation 
to make use of more elaborate works. Perhaps the most helpful 
book to the beginner is “ Bagster’s Analytical Greek Lexicon,” — 
too helpful if mental discipline is sought, but not if one’s only 
aim is to economize time and labor. To the advanced student 
(supposed to be already in possession of some good New Testa- 
ment Lexicon), Buttmann’s “Grammar of the New Testament 
Greek ” (or Winer’s “ Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tes- 
tament ”) is almost indispensable. | 

Notwithstanding the very elementary character of the follow- 


ing lessons, they presume in the learner an acquaintance with 


iv - PREFACE, 


the fundamental principles of English grammar; only that 
which is peculiar to the Greek has been explained. 

As very few inflected words occur in all their parts in the 
New Testament, different words have often been introduced 
into the same paradigm ; therefore the student will probably 
find it best to memorize in order only the terminations. In 
the “ Appendix” is a uniform paradigm of the regular verb, 
which will be found convenient for reference ; also a tabular 
view of the endings of nouns. 

Prior to publication, these lessons have been used with sey- 
eral classes in the “ Meadville Theological School,” and seem 
to have answered the purpose for which they were designed. 
Those familiar with them have been able to proceed at once 
(with the assistance above referred to) to the reading of the 
easier portions of the New Testament. 

To Professor Ezra Abbot, of Harvard University, I am 
much indebted for assistance in the revision of proof-sheets 
and for valuable suggestions which have contributed to the 
completeness and accuracy of the work. 


G. Τὸ C. 
MEADVILLE, Pa., Dec. 1, 1878. 


A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


1. THE GREEK ALPHABET. —2. PRONUNCIATION. — 3. PUNCTUATION, 
BREATHINGS, AND ACCENTS, —4. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CoN- 


: SONANTS. 
PAGE 
§$1. A verb ending in @, in the present, indicative, active ............ 5 
2. The personal pronouns, in the nominative case .............00e00+0 5 
3. Verbs in -w, in the imperfect, indicative, active ....0..............5 6 
4, Verbs in -, in the future, indicative, active ...........ccsceeeeseees 7 
5. A verb in -a, in the aorist, indicative, active ..........c.scececeseees 8 
6. Nouns, with the article, in the nominative singular ............... 8 
7. Verbs in -w, in the perfect, indicative, active ...... .νννννννννννννννον 9 
8. Nouns of the first declension, in the nominative singular ......... 9 
9. Verbs in -w, in the pluperfect, indicative, active .................. 10 
10. Nouns of the first declension, in the genitive singular, with and 
SUB RONSE TING: GINACNA ales ἡ crn nip see nx bs devel > osclse San capewes Be ΝΥ 11 
11. Verbs in -w, in the present, subjunctive, active ......... νννννννννον 12 
12. Nouns of the first declension, in the dative singular, with and 
ἡ ποθι δ QEGUIG} eg ca σοονο, ey οϑονιυν dans Age caververdipenaltoedt 12 
13. A verb in -o, in the aorist, subjunctive, active ..........ceceeese ees 13 
14. Nouns of the first declension, in the accusative singular, with 
and without the article: .......4.0+.¢s++sskiees amine η9).,“ ααλυϑνν λον, ἢ 13 
15. Nouns of the first declension, in the vocative singular ............ 13 
16. Verbs in -ω, in the present, optative, active ...... «εν νννννννννννενον 14 
17. Nouns of the first declension, in the plural number, with the 
Ἐν ΘΝ το εν, ἐν iacceaavceegsobenatoone ΤΡ MaMa Seb heather dae) ΜΡ 14 
18. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, optative, active ............c.ceeeseeeee ees 15 
19. Nouns of the second declension, with the article..................... 15 
20. Verbs in -w, in the present, imperative, active ......«ννννννννννννον 17 
21. The third declension of NOWNG,..........s0ssseweesssoonevsevadisveaves ces 17 
22. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending ατος ... 17 


“bp 
ὧϑ 


. Verbs in -w, in the aorist, imperative, active ...................008s 18 


vl 


§§ 24. 


25. 


26. 
27. 


28. 


29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 


84, 
35. 


36. 


37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41, 
42. 
43. 
44, 
45. 


46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54, 
55. 


56. 


A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Nouns of the third declension with the genitive endings Sos 


ANG COG. 6. ccoce one cccesevcvcetoossereodcdeives s¢escneueueehehnien ὦ 18 
Nouns of the third ἀκα Ως with the genitive endings τος, 19 
UTOS, ANG WTOS ............ceecesceseeescceceseceeececsesveeeescusesscensas 19 
Verbs in -@, in the infinitive, active.............:scecesseeseeeeeseeees 19 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive endings Kos, 
γος, XOS, KTOS, πος, βος...... «Ὁ Ὑονννεννν γεν ννε κε cee eeeeensee see eeeees 20 
Active participles of verbs in -w, in the nominative, singular, 
MOSCONE SS 253 55.6655 065 Ὁ ΒΑ ΦΕΗΜΕΟΘΟ ΘΙ ὙΝ bod ahd apa 20 


Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending vros... 21 
Verbs in -w, in the present, indicative, passive (and middle) ... 21 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending ews ... 22 
Verbs in -w, in the imperfect, indicative, passive (and middle) 23 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive anes pos 


-- preceeded by a VOWEL ® ......00..cesc0ns cavedccssdestabievyes eeunsivans 23 
Verbs in -, in the future, indicative, passive .............ceeeeees 24 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending pos pre- 

coded by a consoiantbs o5<ici sik. cine 27s sas Mee ode 24 
Verbs in -w, in the future, indicative, middle ..................055 25 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending vos ... 25 
Verbs in -w, in the aorist, indicative, passive .....Ὁὐννννννννννενον ει 26 


Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending ovs ... 26 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending oos ... 27 


Verbs in -w, in the aorist, indicative, middle.....................00 27 
Nouns of the third declension with the genitive ending vos ... 27 
Nouns borrowed from the Hebrew ..............cccecceceeseeeeseeeees 28 


Verbs in -w, in the perfect, indicative, passive (and middle) ... 28 
The inflection of adjectives, particularly those in -os, -n or -a, 


“OY, RNG THOS THOR, OP. i 5. Le sacisk coho sevnash cdallcasuazesthdeine 29 
Verbs in -w, in the pluperfect, indicative, passive (and middle) 30 
Adjectives in -9e) 68 -3565565c0226 cieiasdientersvateey ederim ake 30 
AGjioowrves: Ih τῶν, OW. 552: 5iW, lve ed ed ρον sae ΤΑ: eae 30 
Verbs in -w, in the present, subjunctive, passive and middle... 31 
Adjectives in “VS, πεια, Vee seeseeeieseeeeesersesserecsecesceeeeeeteen 31 
VEO GIOCHI VO MOG ἊΣ 0 oi ovcac ve osweusdaovasvinervanusemmteeaiae 31 
Verbs in -w, in the aorist, sabjanctive PASSIVO ἐν το ῦξιο ἐλ οῦνσι oe 
The adjectives μέγας and πολύς ......... ccc ceceeesseeceeseeeseseeweves 32 
Verbs in -@, in the aorist, subjunctive, middle ..................... 33 
Adjectives not inflected like any of the preceding and of rare 

occurrence in the New Testament .............ceceeeeeceeeeeverses. 33 


A SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vil 


88 57. The comparison Of adjectived. is..s..s.scecrccsescescesessecsseversoeees 34 
58. Verbs in -@, in the present, imperative, passive and middle ... 36 
BG, DV ete: 5 aos sons vas need ata ae lees Plas etiecassuciccieviveceves 36 
60. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, pa perative, PMID προ νον ες ρος 97 
61. The inflection: of participles ον os .cicnsccssanvercescavsevecs νοὶ ες ονζοον 37 
62. Verbs in -o, in the aorist, imperative, ποτ τορος 88 
δ Phas Ptashne 5, ρου τον ιν κννταν ϑ εν τατον κον ἐκὸν seeaiede ces 98 
64. Verbs in -w, in the perfect, imperative, passive and middle ... 39 
BBs Te OMEN ΘΟ. ἘΣΟΠΟΒΗΒ, sic Ἀγ νεν ἐτεν ἐξοονεν ἐοτν τοῖν ἐς μάν uauteabenseoiaces 99 
66. The reciprocal pronoun nen of each other, of one another 39 
87. Possess ve PYOMOUIB iil leek. os ese ἐονρν ἐν νον οὐδεν ἐν 11 τυ τι 99 
68. Verbs in -w, in the infinitive, passive and middle.................. 40 
69. Demonstrative pronouns............ccccceccesercscies savcceseuesocncconens 40 
7G, “The Pelotave Brame δον, oi sete ἐν nkvinsysescbsuansaveane τέρατα bekecavsase 40 
71. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns............cccceseeeeseseeeenes 40 
72. Passive and middle participles of verbs in -w, in the nominative, 

MULAN ΠΙΔΘΡΉΜ δ. 55 snp. do nas sescnnas rune ἐξ τως gales bug τον σον dos 41 
PAAR ΟΕ GEM Oy ape oe sats ts cc dsasare Trunks shavarths ven svdvcatoxisndareccete 41 
74. Liquid verbs: .........:.... IEE Goce ead eee eee bien oCANE ESS TS tee 42 
75. Duplicate or ‘‘ second ” tained Shae SOE ἄξεις Cag hi sunk EL AORN ANUS aoa 44 
DG eG TSR ok ids Saas νυν ἐν cs ik pens sncenseshode δ ρυθῆνος δεῖς 45 
77. Forms of the verb δίδωμι (root $0) to give .........«νννονννννννννννον 45 
πο ὑφ GE VOR TI ΓΕ ΡΥ ΠΡ 46 
79. Forms of verbs in -μῖ, continued ............... iiikice nana 
80. Forms of verbs in -vpu ........ pas hiinMindceRs seoen ee sevenvencias ern 49 
81. Inflection of the verbs εἰμί, to: es and εἶμι, 10 gO .......(νννν ‘tae 50 
δ. SAUER ΟΣ SUNLESS GSS zie a τόν δενο od bance cus senses vascuspamoponbenee 51 
VOCABULARY: 5. i caseceuccdnedsies ies ia Θεέ Gop a pv SS 
APPENDIX (including) wie 
A. Synopsis of the verb πιστεύω..........ἀ(ἁεννννννννν νον ν να ον sen ees 61 
B. Paradigm of the verb trove ..........0..c0ccccecsseceeeeeees 62 
C. Tabular view of the endings of nouns ...................06005 65 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


A., acc....accusative. neut, .....neuter. 

| aE active. eE-De aecks New Testament. 
aor., A....aorist. opt. .......optative. 

Oe aatevess confer, compare. part. ...... participle. 

COM: τέκος common. pass., p...passive. 

ἀν τονε dative. perf., P...perfect. 

Bails, wesekcs exempli gratia, for example. pers. eeieas person. 

δομι, ον... feminine. j De staeeeks plural. 

fut., F....future. plup....... pluperfect. 
eee genitive. PICS. ἐν. σὺν present. 

indic. .....indicative. Rem....... Remark, Remarks. 
imp..:.....imperative. sing. ...... singular. 

imperf. ...imperfect. δ 0» Ss <us subjunctive. 

OY eee infinitive. Tisch...... Tischendorf. 

masc, .....masculine, T. Reach textus receptus, the received 
mid., m...middle. (Greek) text. 
MSS.......manuscripts. τὰς ὦ, ἔτ ΚΑ τ .-vocative. 

|. ee ee nominative. We. ghicctuaye verse. 


1. THe Greek ALPHABET. 


Oe hMOeOKREMYPHOMNZSPRAORNEDPHWP 


INTRODUCTION. 


Characters. 


\ 


\ 


ὶ 


DA OMTE HAT BIHA OR DW! 


a 
ν“ 


6M QE 1 


Omicron 
Pi 

Rho 
Sigma 
Tau 
Upsilon 
Phi 

Chi 

Psi 
Oméga 


English 
Equivalents. 


ἘΡ̓ εὐ Ὁ Rr a ee Se! κα Kan σ΄ © 


2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem.a. When ¢ is written under another vowel, thus, q, it is 
called cota subscript. 
Rem. b. Most editors use the character s at the end of words, in- 


stead of σ. 


2. PRONUNCIATION. ᾿ 

Rem. a. Although there is a lack of agreement among scholars 
as to the best pronunciation of Greek, the tendency in this country 
is decidedly towards the adoption of what is called the “Continen- 
tal” method, the essential features of which are presented in the 
following Remarks. : 

Rem. b. a has the sound of a in father. At the end of an unac- 
cented syllable * it is usually obscure, like the a in penalty, except 
at the end of a word. ‘Before consonants in the same syllable it is 
usually short, like a in hat. The diphthong a is pronounced lik 
ai in aisle, and av like ow in house. 3 3 

Rem.c. y is always hard, like g in give. Before kK; ¥ X> & it has 
the sound of ng. | 

Rem. d.  ¢€ is pronounced like 6 in get, et like οὗ in height. 

Rem. e. ἢ is pronounced like a in fate. 

Rem. f. @ has the sound of th in thin. 

Rem.g. «has the sound of ὁ in machine, except before a conso- 
nant in the same syllable, where it is pronounced like ¢ in pin. 

Rem. h. & has the force of ks. 

Rem. ὁ. o is usually sounded like ὁ in not, but at the end of a 
syllable it approximates to the o in note. The diphthong ov has the 
sound of 00 in moon ; ot does not differ from-the English οὐ. 

Rem. j. υ and ev are to be sounded like ew in few, vs like we. 


Rem.k. Few persons distinguish in pronunciation between x 


* Syllables are divided, as far as possible, according to English analogy. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 3 


and x, but it is better to give x the sound of the German ch (as 
it is pronounced after a, 0, w) and the Spanish ἡ. 


Rem. l. has the sound of 0 in note. 

Rem. m. The diphthongs a, 7, (for a&, nt, a) are pronounced 
like a, ἡ; o. 

Rem.n. The names of the letters of the alphabet (given on 
page 1) are to be pronounced according to the foregoing rules. 


3. Punctuation, BREATHINGS, AND ACCENTS. 


Rem. a. The marks of punctuation peculiar to the Greek are 
the colon [+] and the mark of interrogation [ ; ]. 

Rem. b. The rough breathing [‘] before or above a vowel at the 
beginning of a word has the force of h ; the smooth breathing [’ ] 
only indicates the absence of aspiration. 

Rem. c. The breathings are also used, in certain cases, with the 
consonant p; but no distinction is now made, in pronunciation, 
between ῥ and ῥ. 

Rem. d. The accents [’ acute, ‘ grave,” circumflex] indicate on what 
syllables the stress of voice is to be laid. The grave accent is found 
only on final syllables, where it regularly takes the place of the 
acute in continued discourse, and indicates that the syllable, while 
the word stands in that position, has a softened tone. 

Rem. e. Very few of these marks of discrimination are found in 
the older manuscripts. Modern editors punctuate according to their 
own judgment. 


4, CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 

Rem. a. The consonants are divided, with reference to the or- 
gans chiefly concerned in their production, into labials (π, B, φ, μ), 
linguals (τ, ὃ, 8, ζ, σ, Δ, ν, p), and palatals (x,y, x). The double 


4 AN INTRODUCTION TO NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 


consonants, € and Ψ, are virtually included in this classification, 
being equivalent respectively to xo and mo. 

Rem. b. Ἃ, p, ν, p, are also called liquids. 

Rem.c. The mutes are divided into smooth (a, «, τ), middle 
(8, y, δ), and rough (p, x, 6). Those produced by the same organs 
(for instance the labials a, 8, p) are called cognate. 


I. 


§ 1. A verb ending in @,* in the present, indicative, active. 


““πιστεύω, I believe. (Mark ix. 24.) 
πιστεύεις, thow believest. (Acts xxvi. 27.) 
πιστεύει, he believes. (John xii. 44.) + 
πιστεύομεν, we believe. (John iv. 42.) 
πιστεύετε, you believe. (John ili. 12.) 
πιστεύουσι(ν), they believe. (John xvi. 9.) 


Rem. a. The present tense, in all its modes, represents an action or 
state as continued or repeated. 

Rem. b. The unchangeable part of an inflected word (for example, 
πιστεὺ in the verb πιστεύω) is called the stem. 

Rem. c. The terminations appended to the stems of verbs indicate the 
person and number of the subject. 

- Rem. d. Verbs in the third person ending in ow and ev (with a few 
exceptions) may drop the v before a consonant. 


§2. The personal pronouns, in the nominative case.{ 


ἐγὼ ἔχω, Ihave. (Matt. iii. 14.) 

σὺ ἔχεις, thou hast. (Rom. xiv. 22.)§ 
ἡμεῖς ἔχομεν, we have. (John. xix. 7.) 
ὑμεῖς ἔχετε, you have. (John xvi. 22.) 


Rem. A personal pronoun, when expressed as the subject of a verb, is 
usually, if not always, emphatic, 


* Most Greek verbs end in w in the first pers. sing. of the pres. ind. act. 
f In the third pers. sing., when the subject of the verb is not expressed, 
we must determine from the context whether he, she, or ἐξ is to be supplied 
in translation, 
ἐ See § 63. 
§ The context alone can determine whether a verb in the ind, mode is 
declarative or interrogative. Ht present passage, the T, R. punctuates 
interrogatively. 


6 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


TRANSLATE * 


1. λέγω. (Matt. xxvi. 64.) 2. λέγει. (Matt. xxvi. 38.) 3. λέγομεν. 
(Rom. iv. 9.) 4. λέγεις. (Matt. xxvi. 70.) 5. pals © bis xi. 18.) 
| 6. λέγετε. (Matt. xvi, 2.) 7. καὶ λέγει. (Matt. iv. 6.) 8, ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω. 
ὴ (Matt. ν. 82.) 9. ἔχετε; (Matt. v. 46.) 10. ἔχετε. (Matt. vi. 8.) 


II. 


§ 3. Verbs in -ὦ, in the imperfect, indicative, active. 


ἔλεγον," I said, or was saying. (2 Thess. ii. 5.) 
εἶχες, thow hadst. (John xix. 11.)t . 
ἐπίότευέν, [he] 8 trusted. (John ii. 24.)* 
εἴχομεν, we had. (Heb. xii. 9.) 

ἐπιστεύετε, you believed. (John vy. 46.) 
ἐπίστενον, they believed. (John xii. 37.) 


Rem. a. The imperfect tense represents an action or state as continued 
or repeated in past time, and may often be rendered into English by was 
and. the present participle. In conditional sentences it may refer to pres-— 
ent time: 6. 4. εἰ yap ἐπιστεύετε Mwiice?, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί, for if you be- 
lieved Moses, you would believe me. (John vy. 46.) 


Rem. b. The imperfect tense sometimes has a conative force, indicat- 
ing only the attempt to perform an action. Thus in Acts vii. 26, 
συνήλλασσεν αὐτοὺς εἰς εἰρήνην is to be rendered he endeavored to reconcile 
them and not he reconciled or was reconciling them. Even the present 
tense occasionally has this conative force : e. g. λιθάζετε, John x. 82. 


* For the meanings of words not sineibr defined, see the ‘‘ Vocabulary ” at 
the end of the book. In accordance with the general custom, the Greek 
verbs are there given in the first pers. of the pres. ind., and their English 
equivalents in the infinitive. 

t Whenever, in Lessons II.-XXXIII., other verbs are substituted for 
πιστεύω as examples of the inflection of verbs in τῷ, the learner is to under- 
stand that the corresponding forms of πιστεύω are not found in the N. T. 

t+ The second pers. sing. and the first pers. pl. of the imperf. ind. act. are 
of exceedingly rare occurrence in the N.T. Tischendorf’s text has ἔχεις in 
this passage. 

§ Pronouns in brackets represent subjects which are pone in the con- 
text. For example, in the present passage, the text says Ιησοῦς ἐπίστευεν, 
Jesus trusted. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 7 


Rem... The vowel ¢ (rarely ἡ), prefixed in certain past tenses to verbs 
beginning with a consonant, is called the syllabic augment. In verbs 
beginning with p, the p is usually doubled after the augment. The few 
exceptions to the doubling of the p all occur in other tenses than the 
imperfect, and but a single case is found outside the epistles. 

Rem. d. Verbs beginning with a vowel usually have (in the tenses 
above referred to) a temporal augment, obtained by lengthening the 
vowel, a and e becoming ἡ (ε sometimes ec) and o becoming ω. Thus 
ἀκούω becomes in the imperf. ἤκουον. 


TRANSLATE 
ΟΠ, ἔλεγεν (Matt. ix. 21.) 2. εἴχετε. (1 John ii. 7.) 3. ἔλεγον." 
(Matt. xxvi. 5.) 4. νῦν δὲ λέγετε. (John ix. 41.) 5. σὺ πιστεύεις; 
-£ (John ix. 35.) 6. ἐδίδασκεν. (Matt. v. 2.) 7." ἐκήρυσσεν. (Acts ix. fyi ee Me eg 
20.) “8. δουλεύω: (Luke xv. 29.) 9. δουλεύει... (Gal. iv. 25.) 10./ 
ἀκούετε. (Matt. x. 27.) ᾿ τὴ <s Suse Mee 


1 The context shows the gender of the subject to be feminine. 
2 The subject is plural. 


ΤΙ. 


84, Verbs in -@, in the future, indicative, active. 


. πιστεύσω, I shall, or will, believe. (John xx. 25.) 
λατρεύσεις, thow shalt serve. (Matt. iv. 10). 
rls πιστεύσει ; who will intrust ? (Luke xvi. 11.) 
πιστεύσομεν, Ἐ we will believe. (Matt. xxvii. 42.) 
πιστεύσετε ; will you believe ? (John iii. 12.) 
πιστεύσουσιν, [they] will believe. (John xi. 48.) 


Rem. a. The consonant which, in several tenses, stands between the 
stem and the personal vowel-endings, is called the tense characteristic. It 
is not found in all verbs. 


ἕξεις, thou shalt, or wilt, have. (Matt. xix. 21.) 
γράψω, I will write. (Rev. iii. 12.) 


Rem. b. The double consonant ἕξ may originate in any of the three 


* This is the reading of the T. R., from which Tisch. differs. 


8 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


combinations, xo, yo, xo ; the double consonant y, in ro, Bo, go. Thus 
ἔχσεις becomes ἕξεις, and γράφσω becomes γράψω. 

Rem. c. The aspiration of the ε in the future of ἔχω is merely a relic 
of the σ with which the root of the verb once commenced. 


τηρήσω, I shall, or will, keep. (2 Cor. xi. 9.) 


Rem. d. When the last letter of the root of a verb is a short vowel, it 
is usually lengthened in all tenses except the present and the imperfect. 
Thus from τηρέω we have the future τηρήσω. 


TRANSLATE 


1. βασιλεύσει. (Luke i, 33.) 2. ἀκούσετε. (Matt. xiii. 14.) . 3. 
ἀκούσουσιν. (John x. 16.) 4. λατρεύσουσιν. (Acts vii. 7.) 5. βασι- 
Aevoovow. (Rev. xx. 6.) 6. πῶς δὲ πιστεύσουσιν; (Rom. x. 14.) 
7. ἐτρέχετε καλῶς. (Gal. v. 7.) 8, τηρήσει. (John xiv. 23.) 9. λατ- 
pevovow. (Rev. vii. 15.) 10. ἐγὼ τρέχω. (1 Cor. ix. 26.) 


IV. 


§5. A verb in -ὦ, in the aorist, indicative, active. 


ἐπίστευσα, I believed. (2 Cor. iv. 13.) 

ἐπίστευσας, thow believedst. (Matt. viii. 13.) - 

ἐπίστευσεν, he believed. (John iv. 53.) 

ἐπιστεύσαμεν, we believed, or became believers. (Rom. xiii. 11.) 
ἐπιστεύσατε, you believed. (Matt. xxi. 32.) 

ἐπίστευσαν, they believed. (John ii. 22.) 


Rem. a. The aorist indicative denotes simply the past ocewrrence of an 
action or state ; but it sometimes has the force of the English perfect or 
pluperfect. In the dependent modes, except in indirect discourse, the 
distinction of time between the present and the aorist disappears. 

Rem. 6. The imperfect and aorist tenses are the only ones which regu- 
larly take the awgment. 


§6. Nouns, with the article, in the nominative singular. 


ὁ πατὴρ ἔλεγεν, the father said. (Mark ix. 24.) 
λέγει ἡ μήτηρ, the mother says. (John ii. 8.) 
ἔλαμψεν τὸ πρόσωπον, the face shone. (Matt. xvii. 2.) 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 9 


Rem. The article is inflected to indicate gender, number, and case, 
and must agree in these respects with the noun which it limits. The 
form ὁ is masculine, ἡ feminine, and τό neuter.* 


TRANSLATE 


1, ἤκουσας. (John xi. 41.) 2. ἤκουσα. (John Viii. 40.) 3. ἠκού- 
σαμεν. (Luke xxii. 71.) 4. ἤκουσαν. (Luke ii. 20.) 5. ἤκουσεν. 
(Luke xv. 25.) 6. ἠκούσατε. (Matt. XXVIi. 65.) 7. ἔγραψα. (Rom. 
xv. 15.) 8. ἔγραψεν. (Mark x. 5.) 9. ἐγράψατε. (1 Cor. vii. 1.) 
10. λάμπει. (Matt. v. 15.) 


V. 


§7. Verbs in -@, in the perfect, indicative, active. 


πεπίστευκα, I have believed, or put trust in. (2 Tim. i, 12.) 
πεπίστευκας, thou hast believed. (John xx. 29.) 
πεπίστευκεν, he has believed. (John iii. 18.) 

ἡμεῖς πεπιστεύκαμιεν, we have believed. (John vi. 69.) 

ὑμεῖς πεπιστεύκατε, you have believed. (John xvi. 27.) 
τετηρήκασιί(ν), they have kept. (John xvii. 6.) 


Rem. a. The termination of the third person plural is sometimes ἂν 
instead of ασι(ν). 


Rem. b. In the perfect and pluperfect tenses, whenever the root be- 
gins with a consonant (other than p, ¢ ἕξ, w) followed by a vowel or a 
liquid, a special kind of augment called the reduplication is generally 
prefixed to the root. This consists of the first letter of the verb (or, if 
this is a rough mute, its corresponding smooth) followed by «. In other 
cases, these tenses simply take the usual augment. There are one or two 
instances, though not in the T. R., of reduplication in verbs beginning 
with p. 


§8. Nouns of the first declension, in the nominative sin- 
gular. 


ἡ δόξα καὶ ἡ σοφία καὶ ἡ τιμή, glory and wisdom and honor. (Rev. vii. 12.) 


* In the Vocabulary, the gender of nouns is indicated by the article placed 
after them. 


10 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


“Hvelas,* Elias, or Elijah. (Matt. xi. 14.) 
Ἰούδας, Judas. (Mark xiv. 10.) 
ὁ δεσπότης, Master! or Lord! (Rev. vi. 10.) 


Rem. a. Greek nouns are classed together, according to similarity οἱ 
inflection, into three declensions. 

Rem. ὃ. Nouns of the first declension are either masculine, ending in 
as or 7s, or feminine, ending in a or ἡ. 

Rem. c. In the N. T., nouns in as of the first declension are, with 
one or two exceptions, proper names. 

Rem. d. Abstract nouns and nominatives used in address often take 
the article, which must, of course, be omitted in translation. 


TRANSLATE 


1. τετήρηκας. (John xv. 10.) - 2. λαλήσω. (John xiv. 80.) 8, 
λελάληκα. (John xiv. 25.) 4. ἐλάλησα. (2 Cor. iv. 13.) 5. καὶ 
ἐβασίλευσαν. (Rev. xx. 4.) 6. δεδουλεύκαμεν. (John viii. 33.) ἐγ: 
ἐδούλευσεν. (Phil. ii. 22.) 8. ἐδουλεύσατε. (Gal. iv. 8.) 9, ἐβασί- 
Aevoas. (Rey. xi. 17.) 10. Ἡσαΐας ὁ προφήτης. (John i. 23.) 


VI. 


89, Verbs in -@), in the pluperfect, indicative, active. 


noev,t I knew. (John i. 31.) 
ἤδεις, thou knewest. (Matt. xxv. 26.) 
ὃς περιπεπατήκει, who had walked. (Acts xiv. 8.}} 
[ἐβεβουλεύκειμεν, we had advised. | 
qoare; t knew ye? (Luke ii. 49.) 
πεπιστεύκεισαν, they had believed. (Acts xiv. 23.) 
Rem. a. The augment of a verb is seldom and the reduplication never 
affected by prefixing a preposition to the verb. 


Rem. b. In classical Greek, the pluperfect tense usually takes, if 
possible, the syllabic augment in addition to the reduplication ; but in 


* In the T. R. ᾽᾿Ηλίας. 

t From the irregular verb εἴδω, whose pluperfect has the force of an 
imperfect. See § 46, Rem. ὃ. 

t Tisch. reads περιεπάτησεν. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 11 


N. T. Greek this is rare. In Acts xiv. 8, the Elzevir text reads περίεπε- 
WAT KEL 

Rem. c. Verbs whose roots end in a smooth or middle labial or pala- 
tal (see p. 8, 4, Rem. a) have the rough breathing instead of x for the 
tense characteristic of the perfect and pluperfect tenses, the consonant 
combining with the breathing to form the corresponding rough mute. 


§10. Nouns of the first declension, in the genitive sin- 
gular, with and without the article. 


τῆς δόξης, of glory. (Acts vii. 2.) 

σοφίας, of wisdom. (Acts. vi. 3.) 

τιμῆς, of honor. (1 Tim. v. 17.) 

“Helou, of Elias. (Luke iv. 25.) * 

Ἰούδα, of Judas. (Mark vi. 3.) 

τοῦ προφήτου, of the prophet. (Luke iii. 4.) 


Rem. a. In translating the genitive case, we are frequently obliged to 
supply certain prepositions, particularly of. This circumlocution may 
often be avoided by the use of the possessive case, to which the genitive 
in many respects corresponds. 

Rem. b. Nouns of the first declension ending in a vowel commonly 
have their genitive in -ys; but those in -a pure (7%. 6. -a preceded by a 
vowel), and usually those in -pa, retain the a throughout the singular 
number. So also does μνᾶ, contracted from μνάα. 

Rem. c. Nouns of the first declension in -as not pure form the geni- 
tive in -a. Some proper names in -ys have their genitive in -y, but these 
were not originally Greek words, 

Rem. d. Contrary to the rule (Rem. b) Μάρθα has for its genitive 
Μάρθας, and, in some of the best MSS., the genitive of Λύδδα is Λύδδας ; 
but these nouns are from the Hebrew. See § 43. 


wrth TRANSLATE 
1. ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ ἁμαρτία. (Rom. v. 21.) 2. ἡ ἀγάπη οὐδέποτε 
ἐκπίπτει. (1 Cor. xiii. 8.) 8. Ἡσαΐας λέγει. (Rom. xv. 12.) 4. 
ἤκουσεν “Ηρώδης ὁ τετράρχης. (Matt. xiv. 1.) 5. τῆς ἁμαρτίας. (John 
viii. 84.) 6. τῆς ἀγάπης. (2 Cor. xiii. 11.) 7. Ἡρώδου τοῦ τετράρ- 
χου. (Acts ΧΙ. 1.) 8. yn "Tovda.t (Matt. ii. 6.) 9. 6 πατὴρ τῆς δόξης. 
(Eph. i. 17.) 10. μετὰ δόξης. (2 Tim. ii. 10.) 


* In Luke i. 17 (the only other passage where this word is found in the 
gen.), Tisch. reads ‘Hela. 
Tt See Vocabulary. 


12 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


VII. 


811, Verbs in -@, in the present, subjunctive, active. 


τί λέγω ; what shall I say? or, why should I say? (Heb. xi. 32.) 
ἐὰν * προσφέρῃς, if thou bringest. (Matt. v. 28.) 

ὃς ἂν * πιστεύῃ, whoever shall believe. (Mark xi, 23.) 

ἵνα λέγωμεν, that we say, or, to say. (2 Cor. ix. 4.) 

κἂν * πιστεύητε, even if, or though, you believe. (John x. 38.) + 

ὅταν * λέγωσιν, when they say, are saying, or shall say. (1 Thess. v. 3.) 


Rem. a. Actions and states expressed in the subjunctive mode are 
simply conceived of as possible, not affirmed to be real. 

Rem. ὃ. In some respects, this mode corresponds to the English poten- 
tial and subjunctive modes ; yet it must very often be translated by the 
indicative, infinitive, or imperative. 

Rem. c. In the various tenses of the subjunctive mode, the element of 
time is subordinate to that of manner, and, in dependent sentences, is 
determined by the time of the leading verb. Cf. 81, Rem. a. 


812, Nouns of the first declension, in the dative singular, 
with and without the article. 


δόξῃ καὶ τιμῇ, with glory and honor, (Heb. ii. 7.) 
ἐν τῇ σοφίᾳ, in wisdom. (Luke ii. 52.) 
Ἡλείᾳ, for Elias. (Matt. xvii. 4.) 
᾿Ιούδᾳ, to Judas. (John xiii. 26.) 
τῷ δεσπότῃ, to, or for, the master. (2 Tim. ii. 21.) 
Rem. a. In translating the dative case, we must often supply preposi- 
tions, particularly to, for, and with. 
Rem. b. In some MSS. ᾿Ιωάννει is found, instead of ᾿Ιωάννῃ, as the 
dative of Ἰωάννης. 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἐβασιλεύσατε. (1 Cor. iv. 8.) 2. ἵνα μὴ λέγω. (Phil.19.) 3. ὅταν 
λέγῃ τις. (1 Cor, iii. 4.) 4. ἵνα λέγητε. (1 Cor. i. 10.) 5. ἔχωμεν." 
(Heb. xii. 28:) 6. Aarpevwpev.? (Heb. xii. 28.) 7. ἐὰν ἔχητε. (Matt. 


* See Vocabulary. 
Tt Tisch. reads πιστεύετε. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 13 


xvii. 20.) 8. ὃς ἂν μὴ ἔχῃ. (Luke viii. 18.) 9. ἵνα ἔχητε. (John v. 40.) 
10. ἵνα ἔχωσιν. (John x. 10.) 

1 Notice the difference in accent and position between ris interrogative and τις 
indefinite. The latter never stands at the beginning of a sentence. 


2 The first person of the subjunctive is often used in exhortations. 
3 The context shows that this should be translated by the potential mode, using 


the auxiliary may. 


VII. 


818. A verb in -@, in the aorist, subjunctive, active. 


ἵνα πιστεύσω, that I may believe. (John ix. 36.) 

ἐὰν πιστεύσῃς, {7 thou believest. (John xi. 40.) 

ἵνα πιστεύσῃ, that [it] may believe. (John xvii. 21.) 

iva πιστεύσωμεν, that we may believe. (Markxv, 32.) 
μὴ πιστεύσητε, believe not. (Matt. xxiv. 23.) 

ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν, that they might believe. (John xi. 42.) 


Rem. On the aorist subjunctive, see §5, Rem. a, and 811, Rem. a, ὃ, c. 


814, Nouns of the first declension, in the accusative sin- 
gular, with and without the article, 
δόξαν καὶ τιμήν, glory and honor. (Rev. iv. 9.) 
τὴν σοφίαν, the wisdom. (Luke xi. 31.) 
Ἡλείαν, Elias. (Matt. xvi. 14.) 
Ἰούδαν, Judas. (Mark iii. 19.) 
τὸν δεσπότην, the master. (Jude 4.) 
Rem. The Greek accusative case does not differ essentially in its uses 
from the English objective. 


§15. Nouns of the first declension, in the vocative singular. 
*Iovda, Judas! (Luke xxii. 48.) 
δέσποτα, Master! or Lord! (Luke ii. 29.) 
Ren. The vocative case is used in exclamation and address. In the 
plural number, and sometimes in the singular, the nominative form is 
used for the vocative. 


TRANSLATE 
1. οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε. (Luke xxii. 67.) 2. ἵνα πιστεύσητε. (John 
xi. 15.) 3. ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ πιστεύσητε. (John viii. 24.) 4. μεμίσηκεν. 
(John xv. 18.) 5. μεμισήκασιν. (John xv. 24.) 6. δόξαν ov λαμβάνω. 


14 AN INTRODUCTION ΤῸ THE GREEK 


(John v. 41.) 7. καὶ οὐ λαμβάνετε. (John v. 43.) 8, ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς 
δόξαν. (2 Cor. iii. 18.) 9. Ἰησοῦς Ἐ ἐμάρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης τιμὴν 
οὐκ ἔχει. (John iv. 44.) 10. ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς ᾿Ιούδα. (Rev. v. 5.) 

1 The context calls for the auxiliary will or would. 


IX. 


§ 16. Verbs in -@, in the present, optative, active. 


[βουλεύουμι, I might advise. | 

[βουλεύοις, thou mightest advise. } 

πρὶν ἔχοι, before hehas. (Acts xxv. 16.) 
[βουλεύοιμεν, we might advise. } 

el πάσχοιτε, tf you suffer. (1 Peter iii. 14.) 
el ἔχοιεν, if they had. (Acts xxiv. 19.) 


Rem. a. The fundamental idea of the optative mode does not differ 
from that of the subjunctive ; but the conceptions of the former are more 
subjective, looking less to outward realization than those of the latter. 


Rem. b. In the optative as in the subjunctive mode, tense distinctions 
have comparatively little to do with the indication of time, which, in 
dependent sentences, is determined by the leading verb. 


Rem. c. This mode is rarely used by the N. T. writers. 


§17. Nouns of the first declension, in the plural number, 
with the article. . 


. αἱ ἁμαρτίαι, the sins. (Matt. ix. 2.) 

τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν, of owr sins. (Col. i. 14.) 

. ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις, to our sins. (1 Peter ii. 24.) 
τὰς ἁμαρτίας, the sins. (Heb. ii. 17.) 


. οἱ προφῆται, the prophets. (Matt. vii. 12.) 

τῶν προφητῶν, of the prophets. (Matt. xvi. 14.) 
. Tots προφήταις, to the prophets. (Luke vi. 23.) 
τοὺς προφήτας, the prophets. (Matt. v. 17.) 


PEQRA POLS 


Rem. The article often has the force of a possessive pronoun, whose 
person and number must be determined from the context. 


* The T. R. reads ὁ Ἰησοῦς. It is not uncommon for proper names to 
take the article. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 15 


TRANSLATE 

1, ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην πρὸς τὸν ᾿Ιωάννην. (Matt. 
111..18.) 2. ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω. (Matt. iii, 14.) 8. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν 
τῆς Ταλιλαίας. (Matt. iv. 18.) 4. εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. (Matt. iv. 18.) 
5. οὕτως γὰρ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς προφήτας. (Matt. v.12.) 6. ὃς ἂν φονεύσῃ. 
(Matt. v. 21.) 7. χρείαν ἔχετε. (Matt. vi. 8.) 8, ὅταν νηστεύητε. 
(Matt. vi. 16.) 9. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. (Matt. vi. 19.) 10. κλέπται διορύσ- 
σουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν. (Matt. vi. 19.) [ 


X. 


§18. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, optative, active. 
[βουλεύσαιμι, 1 might advise. | 
[βουλεύσαις, thou mightest advise. ] 
περισσεύσαι, may [he] cause to abound. (1 Thess. iii. 12.) 
[βουλεύσαιμεν, we might advise. | 
[βουλεύσαιτε, you might advise. | 
τί ἂν ποιήσειαν, or -αιεν, what they should om (Luke vi. 11. ἜΝ 


Rem. On the aorist optative, see ὃ 5, Rem. a, and 816, Rem. a, ὃ. 
§19. Nouns of the second declension, with the article. 


Singular. 


. [4] dvOpwaros.* (Matt. xii. 35.) τὸ ἔργον. (Rom. xi. 6.) — 
τοῦ [τῆς] ἀνθρώπου. (Matt. viii. 20.) τοῦ ἔργου. (1 Thess. i 3.) 


Q 


Ὁ. τῷ [τῇ] ἀνθρώπῳ. (Matt. xviii. 7.) τῷ ἔργῳ. (1 Cor. xv. 58.) 
A. τὸν [τὴν] ἄνθρωπον. (Matt. xv. 11.) τὸ ἔργον, (Mark xiii. 34.) 
‘iP - GvOpwre. (Rom. ii. 1.) °° τ ἫΝ: 
- Plural. 

N. -οἱ [ai] ἄνθρωποι. (Luke vi. 26.) τὰ ἔργα. (John iii. 19.) 

G. τῶν ἀνθρώπων. (Matt. v. 13.) τῶν ἔργων. (Heb. iv. 3.) 

D. rots [rats] ἀνθρώποις. (Matt. vi. 5.) τοῖς ἔργοις. (John x. 38.) 
A. τοὺς [ras] ἀνθρώπους. (Luke vii. 31.) τὰ ἔργα. (Matt. v. 16.) 


Rem. a. Nouns of the second declension end regularly in os and ον, 
excoptionally.i in ws. Those in -ov are of the neuter gender ; the rest are 
either masculine, feminine, or common. 


* “AvOpwros is of the com. gender, though found in the N. T. with the 
masce. article only. 


10 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem. ὃ. The oblique cases of those in -ws all end in w [the D. in φΊἹ, 
the A. having also.a form in των. The A. ἀνώγεον (T. R. Mark xiv. 15, 
Luke xxii. 12) has, in classical Greek, nominatives in wy and ws. 

Rem. c. In John xix. 36, ὀστοῦν is a contraction from ὀστέον. 


Rem. d. From νόος has arisen, by contraction, νοῦς (1 Cor. xiv. 14), 
which, however, is inflected after the analogy of the third declension, 
thus : G. νοός (Rom. vii. 23), D. vot (Rom. xiv. 5), A. νοῦν (Luke xxiv. 
45). The forms mods (Acts xxvii. 9) and πλοῦν (Acts xxi. 7) also point 
to a nominative rXofs= πλόος. 


Rem. 6. In neuters, whether of the second or third declension, the 
accusative is always like the nominative and in the plural ends in a. 


XI. 


TRANSLATE 
1. ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ὁ vids τοῦ ἀνθρώπου' ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. (Matt. ix. 6.) 2. 
ὁ δὲ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ. (Matt. viii. 
20.)- 8. καὶ λέγουσιν " ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος φάγος" καὶ οἰνοπότης, τελωνῶν 


φίλος καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν, (Mists, xi. 19.) 4. λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ. (Matt. xii. 


13.) 5. ov γὰρ βλέπεις els πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπων," ἀλλ᾽ * ἐπ᾽ * ἀληθείας " 
τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ θεοῦ" διδάσκεις. (Mark xii. 14.) 6. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ. 
(John vi. 28.) 7. τὰ μνημεῖα τῶν προφητῶν. (Luke xi. 47.) 8. ἐν 
ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. (Luke xvii. 26.) 9. ἡ βασιλεία 
τοῦ θεοῦ. (Luke xvii. 21.) 10. ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. (John i. 52.) 


1 Nouns used in their widest comprehension, or in a generic sense, may take the 
article. 

2 In translating the words ἄνθρωπος φάγος, we may either insert a relative phrase, 
thus: a man [who is] a glutton, or we may drop the word man and say simply a 
glutton. 

3 ἀνθρώπων may be translated either of men or men’s ; but if the former coagit τν ὦ 
is used, an article must be’supplied with πρόσωπον. 

4 Final short vowels, except ¥, may be elided, when the next word begins with a 
vowel. This elision is indicated by an apostrophe in the place of the vowel. 

5 In connection with ἀληθείας we cannot translate ἐπί literally, but we may render 
the two words by the equivalent adverb truly, or the phrase of a truth. 

6 To distinguish Jehovah from the heathen deities, he was called 6 θεός, THE 
god, and sometimes 6 θεὸς τῶν θεῶν, the god of the gods, or the supreme god. See 
Ps. exxxvi. 2 (in the Septuagint cxxxv. 2). 


ef 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 17 


XII. 


§ 20. Verbs in -@, in the present, imperative, active. 


πίστευε, believe (thow). (Mark v. 36.) 
βασιλευέτω, let [it] reign. (Rom. vi. 12.) 
πιστεύετε, believe (ye). (Mark i. 15.) 
δουλευέτωσαν, let them serve. (1 Tim. vi. 2.) 


Rem. General precepts commonly take the form of the present impera- 
tive, while particular commands are put in the aorist (imperative or 
subjunctive), in accordance with the usual distinction between these 
tenses. There is no distinction in point of time between the present ani 
the aorist imperative. 


§ 21. The third declension of nouns. 


Rem. a. To the third declension belong all nouns which have one 
more syllable in the genitive than in the nominative. They are of all 


genders and have a great variety of endings. 
Rem. ὃ. The true stem, in nouns of this declension, is usually to be . 


sought in the genitive case, having undergone some euphonic change in 
the nominative. 


-§ 22. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 
ing ατος. 


Singular. Plural. 
N. βρῶμα. (John iy. 34.) βρώματα. (1 Cor. vi. 18.) 
G. βρώματος. (Rom. xiv. 20.) βρωμάτων. (1 Tim. iv. 3.) 
D. βρώματι. (Rom. xiv. 15.) βρώμασι(ν.) (1 Cor. vi. 13.) 
A. βρῶμα. (Rom. xiv. 15.) βρώματα. (Matt. xiv. 15.) 


. Rem, a. All nouns belonging here are neuter. 

fem. ὃ. They end either in a, ap (only φρέαρ), as, v (only γόνυ), or 
wp (only ὕδωρ). : 

Rem. 6. In Rom. xiv. 21 and 1 Cor. viii. 18, we find the ace. pl. of 
κρέας contracted, by syncope, to κρέα. 

fem. d. As the dat. of γῆρας, we find, in Luke i. 36, the syncopated 
form γήρᾳ (T. R.) or γήρει (Tisch. ). 

Rem. 6. The linguals, 7, δ, 0, § are always dropped before o, x, y, x. 
_ Hence βρώμασιν for Bpwparow. 


18 ΠΑΝ INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem. f. In the dative plural, the final vis often dropped before a 


consonant. 
TRANSLATE 


1. μὴ ἕνεκεν βρώματος κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ θεοῦ. (Rom. xiv. 20.) 
2. καὶ ἤνοιξεν τὸ φρέαρ τῆς ἀβύσσου. (Rev. ix. 2.) 8. θησαυρίζετε 
θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ. (Matt. vi. 30.) 4. ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν. (Matt. viii. 
32.) 5. καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν. (Matt. ili. 17.) 6. ὑπὸ τοῦ 
πνεύματος. (Matt. iv. 1.) 7. παραβολὴν ἐλάλησεν. (Matt. xiii. 33.) 
8. σημεῖα ev ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ ἄστροις. (Luke xxi. 25.) 9. ἐν ταῖς 
ἡμέραις “Ἡρώδου. (Luke i, 5.) 10, ἐν πνεύματι καὶ ἀληθείᾳ. (John 
iy. 24.) 


XU 


§23. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, imperative, active. 


πίστευσον, believe (thou). (Acts, xvi, 31.) 
ἀκουσάτω, let him hear, (Rev. xiii. 9.) 
πιστεύσατε, belicve (ye). (John x. 38.) * 
γαμεσάτωσαν, let them marry. (1 Cor. vii. 9.) 


Rem, See § 20, Rem, 


§ 24. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 
ings δος and @os. 


Singular, τ Plural, 
N, ἐλπίς. (Acts xvi. 19.) πόδες. (Acts vy. 9.) 
G. ἐλπίδος. (Acts xxiii. 6.) ποδῶν. (Matt. v. 35.) 
D. ἐλπίδι. (Acts ii. 26.) ποσί(ν). (Matt. vii. 6.) 
A, ἐλπίδα. (Acts xxiv. 15.) πόδας. (Matt. xv. 30. 


Rem. a. The nouns belonging here are those in -ats G. -acdos (only ὁ ἡ 
παῖς), -ας G. -αδος, -εἰς G. -εἰδος, -ἰς G. -ἰδος, τους G. -οδος (only ὁ πούς), 
-us G. -vdos, and -ἰς G. -ἰθος (only ὁ ἡ ὄρνι5), They are all feminine ex- 
cepting παῖς, πούς, and ὄρνις. 

. Rem b. In Rev. xx. 1, some MSS. have κλεῖν, instead of κλεῖδα, as the 
acc, sing. of κλείς, In one or two instances we find the ace, pl. κλεῖδας 
syncopated into κλεῖς, 


* Tisch, reads πιστεύετε, 


—_— ee ee 


a) tn 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 19 


Rem. c. In the N. T., the acc. sing. of ἔρις is only ἔριν (Phil. i. 15). 
Besides the regular nom. pl. ἔριδες, the syncopated form ἔρεις occurs in 
some texts, and the same form is used for the ace. pl. in Titus iii. 9, 


§25. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 
ings TOS, LTOS, and @TOS. 

Rem. a. The corresponding nom. endings are 7s, ¢ or ἐς, and ws. : 

Rem. b, Of the nouns belonging here, φῶς and μέλι are neuter and 
inflected like βρῶμα (§ 22): the rest are masculine (excepting χάρις, ἐσθής 
and abstracts in -orns and -vrys), and are inflected like the examples 
in § 24. 

Rem. c. We may also place here the neuter noun οὖς (G. dros), which 
iz the Doric dialect had the form és. 


Rem. d. The ace, sing. of χάρις is much oftener χάριν than χάριτα, 
TRANSLATE 


1. ἀκούσατε τὴν παραβολήν. (Matt. xiii. 18:) 2, ἀκουσάτωσαν. 
(Luke xvi. 29.) 8. περὶ Ἡρωδιάδος. (Luke iii. 19.) 4. ὁ θεὸς τῆς 
ἐλπίδος. (Rom. χν. 18.) 5. πόδας ἔνιψεν. (1 Tim. ν. 10.) 6. ἡ κλεὶς 
τοῦ φρέατος τῆς ἀβύσσου. (Rev. ix. 1.) 7. ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς. (Rev. i. 
18.) 8, μανθανέτωσαν. (Titus iii, 14.) 9. ἀδελφέ. (Phil. 20.) 10, 
εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα. (Acts xx. 2.) ᾿ 


XIV. 


oa 
§ 26. Verbs in -@, in the infinitive, active. 


Present, πιστεύειν, to believe. (1 Tim. i. 16.) 
Aorist, πιστεύσαι, to believe. (John v. 44.) 
Perfect. πεποιηκέναι, to have done, (John xii. 18.) 


Rem. a. The modal distinction noticed in §1, Rem. a, and §5, 
Rem. a, between the present and aorist tenses, must be borne in mind 
with regard to the infinitive forms. In these tenses, the distinction of 
time, which is found in the indicative mode, ordinarily disappears in the 
infinitive. 

Rem. Ὁ. When the time element is retained, the present infinitive may 
often be translated by the present indicative, and the aorist by the im-. 
perfect or pluperfect indicative preceded by that, 


20 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem. c. The perfect is equivalent sometimes to the perfect and some- 
times to the pluperfect indicative preceded by that. Thus, in John xii. 
18, the Greek idiom, heard him to have done, becomes, in good English, 
heard that he had done. 


§ 27. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 
ings x0S, γος, χος, κτος͵ πος, fos. 


Rem. a. The first four endings belong to nouns in -é, the last two. 


to nouns in -y. 

Rem. b. Two anomalous nouns may be placed here, γυνή (G. γυναικός 
V. γύναι) and γάλα (ἃ. γάλακτοΞ). 

Rem. c, These nouns are all either masculine or feminine (with the 
exception of τὸ γάλα), and are inflected like the examples in ὃ 24. 

Rem. d. In ἀλώπηξ (G. dddmexos), € is sis sac to 7 only in the 
nominative singular. 

TRANSLATE 


1. τύπτειν τοὺς παῖδας καὶ τὰς παιδίσκας. (Luke xii. 45.) 2. νίπτειν 
τοὺς πόδας τῶν μαθητῶν. (John xiii. 5.) 8, τίς ποιμαίνει ποίμνην καὶ 
ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆς ποίμνης οὐκ ἐσθίει ; (1 Cor. ἴχ. 7.) 4. χωρὶς γυναι- 
κῶν καὶ παιδίων. (Matt. xiv. 21.) ὅ. πρὸς γυναῖκα χήραν. (Luke iv. 
26.) 6. μνημονεύετεϊ τῆς γυναικὸς Λώτ." (Luke xvii. 82.) 7. τῇ γυναικὶ 
ἔλεγον. (John iv. 42.) 8. γύναι, τί κλαίεις; (John xx. 13.) 9. γυνὴ 
ὀνόματι " Λυδία. (Acts. xvi. 14.) 10. ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα. (Rev. xii. 13.) 


1 See § 82, VI. 8 Plural number. 
2 See § 48, 4 “by name.” See ὃ 82, XVI. 


XV. 


§ 28. Active participles of verbs in -q@, in the nominative, 
singular, masculine. 


Present. πιστεύων, believing. (Acts xxiv. 14.) 

Future. κακώσων, about to harm. (1 Peter iii. 13.) 
Aorist. πιστεύσας, having believed. (Mark xvi. 16.)* ° 
Perfect. πεπιστευκώς, having believed. (Acts xvi. 34.) 


* Mark xvi. 9-20 is not considered genuine by Tischendorf. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. yi 


Rem. a. Participles have masc., fem. and neut. endings, and are in- 
flected like nouns and adjectives. See § 61. 
Rem. b. Although the aorist and perfect participles sometimes require 
the same translation, yet they are not identical in force, since the former 
_ describes an action as having occurred previously to, the latter as already 
completed at, the time of some other event. 


8.29, Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 


ing ντος. | ~ 
‘ Singular. Plural. 
N. ἄρχων. (Matt. ix. 18.) ἄρχοντες. (Matt. xx. 25.) 
G. ἄρχοντος. (Matt. ix. 23.) ἀρχόντων. (Luke xiv. 1.) 
D. ἄρχοντι. (Matt. ix. 34.) ἄρχουσι(ν). (Acts xiv. 5.) 
A. ἄρχοντα. (Matt. xii. 58.) ἄρχοντας. (Luke xxiii. 13.) 


Rem. a. The nouns belonging here are those in -as G. -avros, -ἧς G. 
-evros (only three proper names derived from.the Latin), -ovs G. -ovros 
(only ὀδούς), and -ων G. -ovros, all which are masculine.* 

Rem. b. vis often dropped before σ, and if a following lingual has 
also been dropped (see §22, Rem. 6) the preceding vowel is generally 
lengthened. Thus we find ἄρχουσιν and not ἄρχοντσιν. 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἐλπίδα ἔχων. (Acts. xxiv. 15.) 2. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἄρχοντος. 
(Matt, ix. 38.) 8. ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος. 
(Matt. ν. 38.) 4. ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων (Matt. 
viii. 12.) ὅ, ἔβρυχον τοὺς ὀδόντας. (Acts vii. 54.) 6. ἔμπροσθεν τῶν 
ποδῶν τοῦ ἀγγέλου. (Rev. xxii. 8.) 7. ἀκουέτω. (Matt. xiii. 9.) 8. 
οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ. (Mark. xiv. 86.) 9. μὴ οὖν βασιλευέτω 
ἡ ἁμαρτία. (Rom. vi. 12.) 10. λῦσαι τὸν ἱμάντα. (Mark. i. 7.) 


XVI. 
880. Verbs in -q@, in the present, indicative, passive (and 
middle). 


τί διώκομαι ; why am I perseeuted ? (Gal. v. 11.) 
σὺ ἐπονομάζῃ, thou art named, or called. (Rom. ii. 17.) 


* As the G. of Σολομών, the T. R. has Σολομῶντος, but Tisch. usually 
Σολομῶνος. 


“5 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


πιστεύεται, it is believed, or, man believes. (Rom. x. 10.) 
ἡμεῖς ἀνακρινόμεθα, we are examined. (Acts iv. 9.) 
ἄγεσθε, you are led. (Gal. v. 18.) 

ἄγονται, [they] are led. (Rom. viii. 14.) 


fem. a. The middle voice does not differ, in its forms, from the pas- 
sive, except in the future and aorist tenses. In force, it is either reflexive, 
or denotes that the agent does something or causes something to be 
done for himself. Sometimes it seems to be simply equivalent to the 
active voice. For examples, see $$ 36 and 41. 


fem, ὃ. 1, in combining prepositions and verbs, two vowels come 
together, the preposition (unless it be περί or πρό) loses its final vowel. 
Thus we find ἐπονομάζῃ and not ἐπιονομάζῃ. 


Rem. c. In the second pers. sing. the termination εἰ is sometimes found. 


_ 891. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive end- 
ing εῶς. 


Singular. Plural. 
N. βασιλεύς. (Matt. xiv. 9.) βασιλεῖς. (Matt. xvii. 25.) 
G. βασιλέως. (Matt. 11. 1.) βασιλέων. (Matt. xi. 8.) 
D. βασιλεῖ. (Matt. xviii. 23.) βασιλεῦσι(ν). (Rev. x. 11.) 
A. βασιλέα. (Matt. i. 6.) βασιλεῖς. (Luke xxi. 12.) 


V. βασιλεῦ. (Acts xxv. 26.) 


Rem. a. Nouns with the genitive ending ews have as nominative end- 
ings avs (only vads), evs, ἧς (only ΜωσῆΞ), « (only σίναπι), us, us (only 
πῆχυ9). 

Rem. b. Those in -evs and -ys are masculine, those in -ἰ neuter, and 
the rest (almost without exception) feminine. | 

Rem. c. Those in -avs, -ἰς and -vs form the accusative inv. Thus 
from vats we have the accusative ναῦν (Acts xxvii. 41), from πίστις the 
A. πίστιν (Matt. xvii. 20), from πῆχυς the A. πῆχυν (Matt. vi. 27). 

Rem. ἃ. Μωσῆς (in most modern editions Μωυσῆς) has a 1). in -ἢ and 
an A. in -ἣν, besides the regular forms. 

Rem. e. In the printed editions, πήχεων is contracted to πηχῶν ; but 
some of the MSS. have the uncontracted form. 


TRANSLATE 


1. λεπροὶ καθαρίζονται. (Matt. xi. 5.) 2. ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις τῶν βασι- 
λέων. (Matt. xi. 8.) 3. πιστεύεις, βασιλεῦ ᾿Αγρίππα, τοῖς προφήταις ; 
(Acts xxvi. 27.) 4. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρώδης. (Mark vi. 14.) 


᾿νε ψαΝ 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 23 


5. ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἡρώδου τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Ἰουδαίας. (Luke i. 5.) 
6. ὁ ἄρχων τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς. (ἴον. 1. 56.) 7. ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ 
ψευδοπροφήτου. (Rev. xvi. 13.) 8. ἐγὼ βρῶσιν ἔχω. (John iv. 32.) 
9. ἐὰν ἔχητε πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως. (Matt. xvii. 20.) 10. διαστρέ- 
ψαι τὸν ἀνθύπατον ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως. (Acts. xiii. 8.) 


XVII. 


§32. Verbs in -q@, in the imperfect, indicative, passive 
(and middle). 
᾿ς ἐνεκοπτόμην, I was hindered. (Rom. xv. 22.) 
ἤρχον, thou wast coming. (Acts ix. 17.) 
ἤγετο, he was led. (Luke iv. 1.) 
κατειχόμεθα, we were held, or bound: (Rom. vii. 6.) 
ἤγεσθε, you were led. (1 Cor. xii. 2.) ; 
ἤγοντο, [they] were led. (Luke xxiii. 32.) 


Rem. a Whenever v comes before a palatal, it is changed into y. 
Thus in Acts xxiv. 4 we find ἐγκόπτω instead of ἐνκόπτωυ. The intro- 
duction of a vowel after the y changes the consonant back to », as in 
ἐνεκοπτόμην. 

88. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending 90s preceded by a vowel. 


Singular. Plural. 
N. xelp. (Luke i. 66.) χεῖρες. (Acts xx. 34.) 
G. χειρός. (Luke i. 71.) χειρῶν. (Luke iv. 11.) 
D. χειρί. (Luke iii. 17.) χερσί(ν). (Luke vi. 1.) 
A. χεῖρα. (Luke v. 13.) χεῖρας. (Luke iv. 40.) 


Rem. a. The nouns belonging here are those in -ap G. -apos, -ep G. 
-epos (only χείρ), -np G. -npos, -np G. -epos, -up G. -vpos (only wip), -us 
G. -vpos (only wdpris), and -wp G. -opos. 

Rem. b. These nouns are all masculine, except 4 χείρ and τὸ πῦρ. 

Rem. c. The D. pl, of μάρτυς is μάρτυσιν. (Acts x. 41.) 

TRANSLATE 

1. ἐθεραπεύοντο. (Acts xxviii. 9.) 2. βάλλει ὕδωρ εἰς τὸν νιπτῆρα. 

(John xiii. 5.) 8. διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀποστόλων. (Acts 


.24 . AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


viii. 18.) 4. διὰ χειρὸς Βαρνάβα καὶ Σαύλου. (Acts xi, 30.) 5. Παῦλος 
κατέσεισεν τῇ χειρὶ' τῷ λαῷ. (Acts xxi. 40.) 6. κατασείσας τὴν χεῖρα. 
(Acts xix. 33.) 7. πολλάκις γὰρ πίπτει εἰς τὸ πῦρ καὶ πολλάκις εἰς τὸ 
ὕδωρ. (Matt. xvii. 15.) 8. γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός. (Acts ii. 8.) 9. εἰς 
τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός. (Rev. xx. 10.) 10. κατὰ τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξου- 
σίας τοῦ ἀέρος. (Eph. ii. 2.) : : 

1 See ᾧ 82, XIV. 


AVI. 


§ 34. Verbs in -@, in the future, indicative, passive. | 


σωθήσομαι," I shall be cured. (Matt. ix. 21.) 

σωθήσῃ, thow shult be saved. (Acts xi. 14.) 

σωθήσεται, he will be kept safe. (John x. 9.) 
σωθησόμεθα, we shall be saved. (Rom. v. 9.) . 
ἀχθήσεσθε, you will be led. (Matt. x. 18.) 
βασανισθήσονται, they will be tormented. (Rev. xx. 10.) 


Rem. a. When two mutes come together, they must both be either 
smooth, middle, or rough, and the character of the second determines 
that of the first. Thus, in ἀχθήσεσθε, the rough tense-characteristic θ 
necessitates the change of the middle mute y into its corresponding 
rough. See p. 3, 4, Rem. 6. | 

Rem. b. When τ, δ, 0, or ¢ comes before τ, 5, 6, & or μ, the former 
consonant is usually changed into σι Thus instead of βασανιζθήσονται 
we have βασανισθήσονται. 


§35. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending @0¢ preceded by a consonant. 


Singular. Plural. . 


Ν. πατήρ. (Matt. v. 48.) — - marépes. (Luke vi. 23.) 

G. πατρός. (Matt. ii. 22.) πατέρων. (Luke i. 17.) 

D. warpi. (Matt. vi.1.)  _ πατράσι(ν). (Acts. vii. 44.) 
A. πατέρα. (Matt. iv. 22.) πατέρας. (Acts. vii. 19.) 
V. πάτερ. (Matt. vi. 9.) 


* The pres. act. of this verb is owfw, but the fut. and aor. pass, are de- 
rived from a form without the ¢ 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. ᾿ 25 


Rem. a. Five nouns (4 μήτηρ, ἡ θυγάτηρ, ἡ γαστήρ, ὁ πατήρ, ὁ ἀνήρ), 
which would regularly have the ending epos in the G., drop the εἴη the 
G. and Ὁ. sing. and D. pl. In the D. pl. they also insert a before the 
case ending. 

Rem. ὃ. In ἀνήρ, δ always takes the place of e. 


TRANSLATE 

1. ἐπιστρέψαι καρδίας πατέρων ἐπὶ τέκνα. (Luke i. 17.) 2. ἐκάκωσεν 
τοὺς πατέρας. (Acts vii. 19.) 3. πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν ᾿Αβραάμ. (Matt. 
iii. 9.) 4. πάτερ, κύριε τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς. (Matt. xi. 25.) 5. 
ἡ μήτηρ τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου. (Matt. xx. 20.) 6. μετὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν. 
(Luke xi. 81.) 7. ἀνὴρ ὀνόματι" ᾿Ιωσήφ. (Luke xxiii. 50.) 8. ἄνδρα 
οὐκ ἔχω. (John iv. 17.) 9. ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων ᾿Ααρών. (Luke i. 5.) 10. 
ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ παιδίου ἔλεγεν " πιστεύω. (Mark ix. 24.) 


1. See ὃ 82, XVL. 


XIX. 
880, Verbs in -ὦ, in the future, indicative, middle. 


ἐγὼ καυχήσομαι, J will boast. (2 Cor. xi. 18.) 
ἀκούσῃ, thou shalt hear. (Acts xxv. 22.) 
ζήσεται, [he] shall, or will, live. (John xi. 25.) 
ἀκουσόμεθα, we will hear. (Acts xvii. 32.) 
ἀκούσεσθε, you shall hear. (Acts iii. 22.) 
ἀκούσονται, they will hear. (Acts xxi. 22.) 

Rem. a. Those verbs which are not used in the active voice, but which, 
in their passive or middle forms, have an active signification, are called 
passive or middle deponents. Some verbs are deponent only in particular 
tenses. 

Rem. ὃ. In some MSS. and editions, εἰ is also found as an ending of 
the second pers. sing. in the fut. indic. middle. 


§37. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending 0s. 

Rem. a. These nouns are inflected like yelp ($33), but drop v before 
-ow in the D. plural, the preceding vowel remaining the same as in the 
genitive. 


26 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem. b. They have the endings ἣν G. νος, ἣν G. evos, w G. wos (only 
ὠδίν), is G. wos (only Σαλαμίς), wy G. wos, ων G. ovos. 


Rem. c. φρήν, ὠδίν, Σαλαμίς, and ἅλων are fem., the rest masc. 
TRANSLATE 

1. ὥσπερ 6 ποιμὴν ἀφορίζει τὰ πρόβατα ἀπὸ τῶν ἐρίφων. (Matt. 
ΧχΥ. 82.) 2. ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. (Rev. χ. 4.) 8. ὑπάγετε 
καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα. (Matt. xx. 4.) 4. τί ποιήσει 6 κύριος τοῦ 
ἀμπελῶνος ; (Mark xii. 9.) ὅ. μὴ οὐκ ἔχομεν ἐξουσίαν ἀδελφὴν γυναῖκα 
περιάγειν; (1 Cor.ix.5.) 6. τίς φυτεύει ἀμπελῶνα; (1 Cor.ix.7.) 7. 
μὴ ἀδικήσητε τὴν γῆν μήτε τὴν θάλασσαν μήτε τὰ δένδρα. (Rev. vii. 3.) 
8. ἰδοὺ ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν. (ον. 1. 7.) 9. καὶ ἐβλασφήμησαν 
οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν ἐκ τῆς πληγῆς τῆς χαλάζης. (Rev. xvi. 21.) 10. 
βασιλεύς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων. (Rev. xix. 16.) 


XX. 
§ 38. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, indicative, passive. 


ἐπιστεύθην ἐγώ, I was intrusted with. (1 Tim. i. 11.) 
σὺ ἐγεννήθης, thou wast born. (John ix. 34.) 
ἐπιστεύθη, [it] was believed. (2 Thess. i. 10.) 
ἐσώθημεν, we were saved. (Rom. viii. 24.) 
ἠγοράσθητε, you were bought. (1 Cor. vi. 20.) 
ἐπιστεύθησαν, they were intrusted with. (Rom. iii. 2.) 


Rem. Many verbs insert o before @ in the aor. pass. 


§ 39. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending OVS. 


Singular. Plural. 
N. ὄρος. (Luke iii. 5.) ὄρη. (Rev. xvi. 20.) 
G. ὄρους. (Matt. v. 14.) ὀρέων. (Rev. vi. 15.) 
D. ὄρει. (Matt. xvii. 20.) ὄρεσι(ν). (Mark. v. 5.) 
A. ὄρος. (Matt. iv. 8.) ὄρη. (Matt. xviii. 12.) 


Rem. a. There belong here all neuters in -os, the masculines Διοτρεφής 
and Ἑρμογένης (which, however, occur in the N. T. only in the nomina- 
tive) and the feminines αἰδώς (found only in the genitive) and πειθώ (D. 
πειθοῖ, found as a various reading in 1 Cor. ii. 4), See ὃ 47, Rem, ὃ. 


a, 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. v7 


Rem. 6. In the neuters, the ending ovs has been contracted from eos, 
ec from et, and ἡ from ea. The G. pl. -εων is usually contracted to -wy, 
ὀρέων (Rev. vi. 15) and χειλέων (Heb. xiii. 15) being exceptions. The 
G. αἰδοῦς (1 Tim. ii. 9) -Ξ αἰδόος. 


§40. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending 00s. Cf. § 19, Rem. d. 


Rem. Only ὁ ἡ βοῦς and ὁ χοῦς belong here. In the A. sing. they 
have βοῦν (Luke xiii. 15) and χοῦν (Mark vi. 11), the latter word being 
found in no other case. In the pl., the G. βοῶν (Luke xvi. 19) and the 
A. βόας (John ii. 14) occur. 


TRANSLATE 

1. ἀνήχθημεν. (Acts xxvii. 2.) 2. ἐβαρήθημεν. (2 Cor. i. 8.) 8. 
ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος. (Mark iii. 13.) 4. ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν. (Mark v. 5.) 
5. τότε ἄρξονται λέγειν τοῖς ὄρεσιν. (Luke xxiii. 80.) 6. ἡ φιλαδελφία 
μενέτω. (Heb. xiii. 1.) 7. διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν βάθος γῆς. (Matt. xiii. 5.) 
8. ἐμβλέψατε εἰς τὰ πὲτεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. (Matt. vi. 26.) 9. ἐπὶ ἡγεμό- 
νας δὲ καὶ βαοιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε. (Matt. χ. 18.) 10. ὑμεῖς οὖν ἀκούσατε 
τὴν παραβολήν. (Matt. xiii. 18.) 


1 The inf. with the neut. article is equivalent to a participial substantive. 


XXI. 


§41. ‘Verbs in -@, in the aorist, indicative, middle. 


ἐνιψάμην, 7 washed. (John ix. 15.) 

κατηρτίσω, thou didst prepare. (Matt. xxi. 16.) 
ἐνίψατο, he washed. (John ix. 7.) 

ἡμεῖς ἐδεξάμεθα, we received. (Acts xxvili. 21.) 
ἠἡτήσασθε, you asked. (Acts iii. 14.) 

ἠτήσαντο, they asked. (Acts xiii. 28.) 


§42. Nouns of the third declension with the genitive 
ending vos. 


fem. a. These end, in the N., in v and vs, and are inflected similarly 
ta the examples in § 24, except that they have the termination vin the 
accusative, instead of a. Cf. $31, Rem. c. 


28 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


_ Rem. b, Those in -v are neuter, those in -vs feminine, with the follow- 
ing exceptions : ὁ βότρυς, ὁ ἰχθύς, ὁ στάχυς, and ὁ ἡ ds. 


848. Nouns borrowed from the Hebrew. 


Rem. Many of these are indeclinable in their Greek form, some are 
inflected like the examples already given, and others have a peculiar 
declension. “Ingots has G. D. and V. Ἰησοῦ and A. Ἰησοῦν. Aeveis (or 
Aevis) has G. Λευεί (or Λευΐ) A. Aeveiv (or Λευΐ). 


TRANSLATE 


‘1. ἀπήγξατο. (Matt. xxvii.5.) 2. ἡτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ᾿Ιησοῦ. (Matt. 
xxvii. ὅ8.) 8. ἀπενίψατο τὰς χεῖρας ἀπέναντι τοῦ ὄχλου. (Matt. xxvii. 
24.) 4. ἠτήσαντο βασιλέα. (Acts xiii. 21.) ὅ. τρύγησον τοὺς βότρυας. 
(Rev. xiv. 18.) ὁ. ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἰχθύων. (John xxi. 6.). 7. 
ἤρξαντο τίλλειν στάχυας καὶ ἐσθίειν. (Matt. xii. 1.) 8. ἔρχονται πρὸς 
τὸν Ἰησοῦν. (Mark v.15.) 9. ὁ Πέτρος λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ. (Mark ix. 5.) 
10. ἕξεις θησαυρὸν ἐν οὐρανῷ. (Mark x. 21.) 


XXII. 


§44. Verbs in -@, in the perfect, indicative, passive (and 
middle). 


πεπίστευμαι, I have been intrusted with. (1 Cor. ix. 17.) 
ἀπολέλυσαι, thou hast been, or art, freed from, (Luke xiii. 12. A 
céoworar, he has been cured. (Acts iv. 9.) 

ἡμεῖς γεγεννήμεθα, we have been, or were, born. (John viii. 41. ) 
ὑμεῖς γεγένησθε, you have become. (Acts vii. 52. T. R.) 
κεκράτηνται, they are retained. (John xx. 23.) 


Rem. a. If the root ends in a consonant, the third person plural is 
formed by combining the nominative plural of the perfect. passive parti- 
ciple and the verb εἰσί, the third person plural of εἰμί, to be. 

Rem. b. Those verbs which insert ¢ before θ in the aor. pass. (see ὃ 38) 
insert the same letter in the perf. pass. before such terminations as begin 
with » or 7. On the reduplication in this tense see § 7. 


Rem. c. The perfect tense, since it represents the result of a com- 


* From the irregular verb γίνομαι. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 29 


pleted action as continuing in the present, must often be rendered into 
English by the present tense. In rare cases it is best translated by the 
imperfect. 


§45. The inflection of adjectives, particularly those in 
-0S, -ἢ Or -α, τον and those in -ος, -ov. 


Rem. a. A large number of adjectives have three forms, one for each 
gender. The feminine is always inflected like feminine nouns of the first 
declension (δὲ 8, 10, 12, 14, 17): the masculine and neuter may be either 
of the second or third declension. 

tem. b. Adjectives of three terminations with the masculine in -os 
have the feminine in -a, if the root ends in a vowel other than o or in p. 

Rem. c. Many adjectives make the masculine form do service for both 
the masculine and feminine genders. Some of these have also a neuter 
form, others not. 

Rem. d. In the ease of those adjectives with three forms which have 
the endings Ὃς (masc.), 7 or a (fem.), ov (neut.), the masculine and 
neuter are inflected like ἄνθρωπος and ἔργον (8 19). In the same manner 
are inflected those adjectives which have only the two endings os (masc.: 
and fem.) and ον (neut.). 

Rem. e. A few adjectives have the terminations ovs, ἡ, ovr, which have 
arisen by contraction from regular forms. Cf. § 19, Rem. ¢, d. 

Rem. f. ἵλεως (found only in Matt. xvi. 22 and Heb. viii. 12) is an 
Attic nominative for ἵλαος. 

TRANSLATE 

1. ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν κυρίου. (Luke iti. 4.) 2. καὶ ὑπέστρεψεν 
ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ πνεύματος εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν. (Luke iv. 14.) 
3. οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ of Φαρισαῖοι. (Luke ν. 21.) 4. λέλυσαι ἀπὸ γυναι- 
kos; (1 Cor. vii. 27.) ὅ. ἡγίασται γὰρ 6 ἀνὴρ 6 ἄπιστος ἐν τῇ γυναικί, 
καὶ ἡγίασται ἣ γυνὴ ἣ ἄπιστος ἐν τῷ ἀδελφῷ." (1 Cor. vii. 14.) 6. 
πεπίστευμαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον. (Gal. ii. 7.) 7. δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ. 
(1 Thess. ii. 4.) 8. καὶ ὠργίσθη ὁ δράκων ἐπὶ τῇ γυναικί. (Rev. xii. 17.) 
9. ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα. (Rey. xii. 13.) 10. ris! ὅμοιός τῷ θηρίῳ; 
(Rev. xiii. 4.) ᾿ 


1 Supply in translation the verb “is.” 


* The Τὶ R. has dvdpe. 


90 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


ΧΧΗ͂Ι. 


840. Verbs in -@, in the pluperfect, indicative, passive 
(and middle). 


[ἐβεβουλεύμην, I had deliberated. | 

[ἐβεβούλευσο, thou hadst deliberated. ] 

τεθεμελίωτο, it had been founded. (Matt. vii. 25.) * 
[ἐβεβουλεύμεθα, we had deliberated. | 

[ἐβεβούλευσθε, you had deliberated. } 

[ἐβεβούλευντο, they had deliberated. } 


Tem. a. If the root ends in a consonant, the third person plural is 
formed by combining the nominative plural of the perfect passive parti- 
ciple with the verb ἦσαν, the imperfect of εἰμί, to be. 

Rem. b. As the perfect must often be translated by the present, so the 
pluperfect sometimes has the force of the English imperfect. 


8.47. Adjectives in -7S, -és. 

Rem. a. Next in number to the adjectives in -os, -7 or -a, -ον, and -os, 
-ov, are those in -ns (masc. and fem.), -es (neut.). About sixty of these 
are found in the New Testament. 

Rem. b. Adjectives with these endings are inflected like nouns of the 
third declension with the G. ending ovs (§ 39), the masculine and femi- 
nine having the A. sing. in -ἡ, the pl. N. in -εἰς, G. -ων, D. -eor, A. -εἰς. 


§48. Adjectives in -ῶν, “ον. 
Rem. a. There are several adjectives with these endings, the majority 


of them anomalous comparatives (ὃ 57, Rem. e, 7). 


fem. ὃ. They are inflected like nouns of the third declension with the 
G. ending vos (§ 37, Rem. a, b), except in so far as the neuter is subject 
to the rule in ὃ 19, Lem. 6. 


Rem. c. The comparatives often contract -ova into -w, and -oves and. 
-ovas into -ous. 


TRANSLATE 


1. 6 θεὸς ὁ ποιήσας ἷ τὸν κόσμον. (Acts xvii. 24.) 2 διελέγετο δὲ 
ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ. (Acts xviii. 4.) 3. Κρίσπος δὲ ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος ἐπίσ- 


* See 8 7, Rem, b, and § 9, Rem. ὃ. 


Ott νεύσς. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 91 


τευσεν τῷ κυρίῳ. (Acts xviii. 8.) 4. ἄφρονες, οὐχ ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔξωθεν" 
καὶ τὸ ἔσωθεν" ἐποίησεν; (Luke xi. 40.) ὅ. ἡδέως γὰρ ἀνέχεσθε τῶν 
ἀφρόνων. (2 Cor. xi. 19.) 6. σὺ τετήρηκας τὸν καλὸν οἶνον ἕως ἄρτι. 
(John 11,10.) 7. ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι. (Rom. ix. 12.) 8, οὐκ 
εἰς τὸ κρεῖσσον ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸ ἧσσον συνέρχεσθε. (1 Cor. xi. 17.) 9. με- 
τενόησαν εἰς τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰωνᾶ, καὶ ἰδοὺ πλεῖον ᾿Ιωνᾶ ἢ ὧδε. (Matt. xii. 
41.) 10. ἐγὼ δὲ ἔχω τὴν μαρτυρίαν μείζω τοῦ ᾿Ιωάννου. (John v. 36.) 

1 A participle preceded by an article is generally best rendered by the indicative 
mode with a relative pronoun for its subject. 

2 An adverb preceded by an article has the force of a substantive. 


ΐ 3 See ὃ 82, ΧΙ]. τὸ 
4 ‘than John,’ ὁ. 6. " than that of John.’ 


XXIV. 


849, Verbs in -@, in the present, subjunctive, passive and 
middle. 


ἐὰν προσεύχωμαι, if 1 pray. (1 Cor. xiv. 14.) 

ὅταν προσεύχῃ, whenever thou prayest. (Matt. vi. 6.) 

ἵνα δοξάζηται, that [he] may be glorified. (1 Pet. iv. 11.) 
φερώμεθα, let us press on. (Heb. vi. 1.) 

ὅταν προσεύχησθε, whenever you pray. (Luke xi. 2.) 

ἵνα γίνωνται, that [they] may be made. (1 Cor. xvi. 2.) 


§ 50. Adjectives in -vs, -E1a, -v. 


Rem. These adjectives, which are few in number, have their G. mase. 
and neut. in -eos, sometimes contracted into -ovs; otherwise they are 
inflected in these genders like nouns of the third declension in οὖς, G. 
-ews (§ 31 and Rem. c). ὃ 19, Rem. e, is to be borne in mind with regard 
to the N. and A. neut., the plural ending of which is -ea, sometimes 
contracted into -7. 


§51. The adjective AS. 


Rem. The nominative forms are πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν. πᾶς and πᾶν are 
inflected like nouns of the third declension with the G. in -avros (§ 29), 
except in so far as πᾶν is subject to the rule in ὃ 19, Rem. e, which 
assimilates it in declension to βρῶμα (§ 22). 


32 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἄγγελος δὲ κυρίου ἐλάλησεν πρὸς Φίλιππον. (Acts viii. 26.) 2. 
ἐλπίδα ἔχων εἰς τὸν θεόν. (Acts xxiv. 15.) 8. οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσε- 
ται ὁ Ἐ ἄνθρωπος. (Matt. ἵν. 4.) 4. ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν. (Matt. 
iv.12.) 5. κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν 
νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν ἐν τῷ λαῷ. (Matt. iv. 23.) 6. λάμπει πᾶσιν 
τοῖς ' ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ. (Matt. ν. 15.) 7. ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς 
τὸ λαλῆσαι, βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν. (Jamesi.19.) 8. ὀργὴ γὰρ ἀνδρὸς δικαι- 
οσύνην θεοῦ οὐ κατεργάζεται. (James i. 20.) 9. καὶ ἰδοὺ ὥρμησεν πᾶσα 
ἡ ἀγέλη τῶν χοίρων κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. (Matt. viii. 32.) 
10. καὶ περιῆγεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας. (Matt. 
ix. 35.) 

1 The article when standing without a substantive is equivalent to a demonstrative 
pronoun. 


XXY. 


§52. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, subjunctive, passive. 


‘iva σωθῶ, that I may be saved. (Acts xvi. 30.) 
ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς, that thou mayst be justified. (Rom. iii. 4.) 
iva σωθῇ, that she may be saved. (Mark vy. 23.) 
iva δικαιωθῶμεν, that we might be justified. (Gal. ii. 16.) 
ἵνα ὑμεῖς σωθῆτε, that you may be saved. (John v. 34.) 
ἵνα σωθῶσιν, that they may be saved. (Luke viii. 12.) 


§53. The adjectives μέγας and πολύς. 


Singular. 

Masc. Fem. Neut. 
N. μέγας μεγάλη μέγα 
6. μεγάλου μεγάλης [μεγάλου 
D. μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ [μεγάλῳ] 
Α. μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα 
N. πολύς πολλή πολύ 
G. πολλοῦ πολλῆς πολλοῦ 
D. πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ 
A. πολύν πολλήν πολύ 


* The T. R. omits ὁ. 


a we 


— Ss μμλνδ υὸν μὰν 


ities x 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 33 


Rem. In the plural these adjectives are inflected like those in -os of 
three terminations, thus : μεγάλοι, -at, -a, etc. ; πολλοί, -al, -d, etc. 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἀλλ᾽ od πάντες ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ. (Rom, x. 16.) 2. ἵνα 
᾿ τὸ πνεῦμα σωθῇ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ κυρίου. (1 Cor. v. 5.) 8. πάντες 
γὰρ οἱ προφῆται καὶ ὁ νόμος ἕως ᾿Ιωάννου ἐπροφήτευσαν. (Matt. xi. 
13.) 4. τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός ; (Matt. xxi. 31.) 
5. πάντες γὰρ ὡς προφήτην ἔχουσιν τὸν ᾿Ιωάννην. (Matt. xxi. 26.) 6. 
‘Kal αἰτήσας πινακίδιον ἔγραψεν. (Luke i. 63.) 7. Ἰησοῦς δὲ πλήρης 
| πνεύματος ayes ὑπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ᾿Ιορδάνου. (Luke iv. 1.) 8, ὑπέσ- 
τρεψεν μετὰ φωνῆς μεγάλης δοξάζων τὸν θεόν. (Luke xvii. 15.) 9. 
οὐδέποτε ἐλάλησεν οὕτως ἄνθρωπος. (John vii. 40.) 10. ὑμεῖς ἀεὶ τῷ 
πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ ἀντιπίπτετε. (Acts vii, 51.) 


XXVI. 


§54. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, subjunctive, middle. 


iva ἐγὼ καυχήσωμαι, that I may boast. (2 Cor. xi. 16.) 
ὅσα ἂν αἰτήσῃ, whatsoever thou mayst ask. (John xi. 22.) 
ὃ ἂν αἰτήσηται, whatever she might ask. (Matt. xiv. 7.) 
“ ἐνδυσώμεθα, let us put on. (Rom. xiii, 12.) 
τί ἐνδύσησθε, what you shall put on. (Matt. vi. 25.) 
iva αἰτήσωνται, that they should ask for. (Matt. xxvii. 20.) 


§55. Adjectives not inflected like any of the pons 
and of rare occurrence in the New Testament. 


Rem. a. In Heb, vii. 3, and there only, we find ἀπάτωρ and ἀμήτωρ. 
Their inflection in classical Greek is like that of nouns of the third de- 
clension in -wp G. -opos (§ 88 and Rem. a). 

Rem. ὃ. ἅρπαξ is inflected like nouns of the third declension with the 
G. ending γος (δ 27, Rem. 6). 

Rem. 6. πένης is found only in the D. pl. πένησιν (1 Cor. ix. 9), and is in- 
flected like nouns of the third declension with the G. in -ητος (ἃ 25 Rem. ὃ). 


* The T, R. reads προεφήτευσαν. 


94 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


Rem. d. αὐτόχειρ is found enly in the N. pl. (Acts xxvii. 19), and is 
inflected like χείρ (δ 33). 

Rem. 6. τετράπους is declinable in the masculine like πούς (§ 21), but 
in the N. T. occurs only in the neuter pl. τετράποδὰ G. -ων. 

Rem. f. From νῆστις G. -cos we have the A. pl. νήστεις in two passages 
(Matt. xv. 32, Mark viii. 3), but no other forms are found. 

Rem. g. ἄρσην and ἄρρην are inflected like nouns of the third declen- 
sion in -ἣν G. -evos (§ 37, Rem. a). 

Rem. h. μέλας (Rev. vi. 5, 12) has the A. sing. fem. μέλαιναν (Matt. 
y. 36), but no other forms are found. 

Rein. i. ἑκών (1 Cor. ix. 17) has a feminine ἑκοῦσα (Rom. viii. 20) but 
no other forms. ἄκων (for ἀέκωντεα privative and ἑκών) occurs once 
(1 Cor. ix. 17). 


Rem. j. Ἑλληνίς and πατρίς are feminine and inflected like nouns of 
the third declension in -ἰς G. -cdos (§ 24). 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἀγέλη χοίρων πολλῶν. (Matt. viii. 30.) 2. πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ 
ἁμαρτωλοί. (Matt. ix. 10.) 8. ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς, οἱ δὲ ἐργάται 
"ὀλίγοι. (Matt. ix. 37.) 4. ἔχων κτήματα πολλά. (Matt. xix. 22.) ὅ. 
μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς. (Matt. xxiv. 80.) 6. μετὰ δὲ πολὺν 
χρόνον ἔρχεται 6 κύριος. (Matt. xxv. 19.) 7. γυναῖκες πολλαί. (Matt. 
xxvii. 55.) 8. καὶ πολὺ πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἠκολούθησεν. Ἐ (Mark 
iii. 7.) 9. πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐθεράπευσεν. (Mark iii. 10.) 10. ὅπου οὐκ 
εἶχεν γῆν πολλήν. (Mark iv. 5.) . 


XXVII. 


§56. Verbs in -@, in the optative, passive and middle. 


Pres. MID. εἰ βούλοιτο, tf he wished, or whether he was willing. Chiba: 
xxv. 20.) 

Aor. PASS. πληθυνθείη, may [it] be multiplied. (1 Pet. i. 2.) 

Aor. MID. εὐξαίμην ἂν, I would pray, or I would [to God). (Acts xxvi. 29. ) 


§57, The comparison of adjectives. 


Rem. a. Most adjectives in -os and -vs form their comparative and 


* The T. R. reads ἠκολούθησαν. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 35 


superlative degrees by dropping s and adding repos, -a, -ov and raros, 
-α, -OV. 

Kem. ὃ. When the penult is short, adjectives in -os compared as 
above lengthen o tow. Thus in 1 Cor. i. 25 we find σοφώτερον and not 
σοφότερον. : 

Rem. c. Adjectives in -ς shorten 7 into ε and add τερος, -α, -ον and 
τατος, -α, -ον. 

Rem. d. Adjectives in -wy shorten w into o and add εστερος, -a, -ον 
and εἐστατος, -a, -ov. 

Rem. ὁ. ταχύς and καλός take the endings wv and ros, thus: ταχύς, 
ταχίων, τάχιστος ; καλός, καλλίων, [κάλλιστος.]} 


Lem. f. The following are anomalous : ---- 


Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
κρείττων ΟΥ̓́-σσων, κράτιστος, 
ἀγαθός, ᾿ βελτίων, 
: χείρων, 
posse ἥττων or -σσων. 
μέγας, μείζων, μέγιστος. 
μικρότερος, 
μικρός, Ϊ ἐλάττων OF -σσων, ἐλάχιστος. 
; πλείων, 
Toney, n. πλεῖον or πλέον, πλεῖστος. 


θην. g. μειζοτέραν (8 John 4) is a double comparative, ἐλαχιστοτέρῳ 
(Eph. iii. 8) a comparative formed from a superlative. 

Rem. ἢ. From the adverbs ἄνω, ἔσω, κάτω are formed the comparative 
adjectives ἀνώτερος, ἐσώτερος, κατώτερος. 


TRANSLATE 

l. σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, kayo! ἔργα ἔχω. (James ii. 18.) 2. ἐπίστευσεν 
δὲ ᾿Αβραὰμ τῷ θεῷ. (James ii. 23.) 8. μεμέρισται 6 Χριστός; (1 Cor. 
i. 13.) 4. ὁ ἔχων " τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας. 
(Rev. iii. 1.) ὅ. ἔρχομαι ταχύ. (Rev. iii. 11.) 6. ἀγαπητοί. μὴ παντὶ 
πνεύματι πιστεύετε, ἀλλὰ δοκιμάζετε τὰ πνεύματα. (1 Johniv. 1.) 7. 
ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ μονογενοῦς υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ. (John 
iii. 18.) 8. καὶ πολλῷ πλείους ἐπίστευσαν. (John iv. 41.) 9. τῷ 
σαββάτῳ" ἐθεράπευσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς. (Luke xiii. 14.) 10. ἀστὴρ γὰρ 
ἀστέρος ὃ διαφέρει ἐν δόξῃ. (1 Cor. xv. 41.) 

1 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ. : 

2 ὁ ἔχων, the [one] having, he who has. 


3 The neuter of adjectives is often used adverbially. 
4 See § 82, XVIII. ᾿ δ See ὃ 82, XXI. 6 See § 82, IT. 


: 36 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


XXVIII. 


ο 8.68, Verbs in -@, in the present, imperative, passive and 
middle. 

éyelpov, arise (thou). (Luke viii. 54.) 

προσευχέσθω, let him pray. (James v. 13.) 

ἐγείρεσθε, arise (ye). (Matt. xxvi. 46.) 

δοκιμαζέσθωσαν, let [them] be proved. (1 Tim. iii. 10.) 


§59. Numerals. 


Rem. a. Of the cardinal numbers those which are declined are the 
first four, inflected as below, and the even hundreds (excepting éxardv, 
one hundred), which are inflected like plural adjectives in -οι, -αι, -a. 


Masc. "Ὁ Fem. Neut. Masc., Fem., and Neut. 
N. εἷς, one μία ἕν N. δύο, two 
G. ἑνός μιᾶς * ἑνός] G. δύο 
Ὁ. ἑνί pea ἑνί D. δυσί(ν) 
Α. ἕνα μίαν ἕν | . A. δύο 
Mase. and Fem, . Neut. Mase. and Fem. Neut. 
N. τρεῖς, three. τρία N. τέσσαρες, four τέσσαρα * 
. α. τριῶν tpiav Οὐ. τεσσάρων τεσσάρων 
Ὁ. τρισί(ν) τρισί(ν) Ὁ. τέσσαρσι(ν) τέσσαρσι(ν) 
A. τρεῖς τρία A. τέσσαρας * τέσσαρα * 


Rem. b. The ordinal numbers end in os and are declined like adjec- 
tives in -os, -7 or -a, -ov. 


TRANSLATE 


1. προσευχέσθω iva διερμηνεύῃ. (1 Cor. xiv. 13.) 2. éyeiperbe, ἄγωμεν. 
(Mark xiv. 42.) 8. ἢ yap τὸν ἕνα μισήσει καὶ τὸν ἕτερον ἀγαπήσει. ἢ 
ἑνὸς ᾿ ἀνθέξεται" καὶ τοῦ ἑτέρου ὃ καταφρονήσει. (Matt. vi. 24.) 4. πόσῳ 
οὖν διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου. (Matt. xii. 123.) 5. ἄνθρωπος εἶχεν 
δύο τέκνα. (Matt. xxi. 28.) 6. περιάγετε τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν ξηρὰν 
ποιῆσαι ἕνα προσήλυτον. (Matt. xxiii. 15.) 7. ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων ἀνέμων. 
(Matt. xxiv. 31.) 8. καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων κεράτων 


* Tisch, reads τέσσερα and sometimes τέσσερας. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. St 


τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ χρυσοῦ τοῦ ἐνώπιον Tod θεοῦ. (Rev. ix. 13.) 9. 
πόσους ἄρτους ἔχετε; (Matt. xv. 84.) 10. ἑπτά, καὶ ὀλίγα ἰχθύδια. 
(Matt. xv. 84.) 


1 See ὃ 82, ITI. 

‘2 Whenever in compounds, or from the juxtaposition of distinct words, a smooth 
mute comes before ἃ vowel with a rough breathing, the aspirate unites with the con- 
sonant to form the corresponding rough mute. See p. 4, Rem c. 

3 See § 82, VI. 

4 cis is sometimes best translated by the indefinite article. 


XXIX. 


§60. Verbs in -@, in the aorist, imperative, passive. 


φυτεύθητι, be (thow) planted. (Luke xvii. 6.) 
σταυρωθήτω, let him be crucified. (Matt. xxvii. 22.) 
συνάχθητε, guther yourselves together. (Rev. xix. 17.) 
[βουλευθήτωσαν, let them be advised. | 


§61. The inflection of participles. 


Rem. a. Those in -os are inflected like adjectives in -os, -a, -ov. See 
§ 45, Rem. a, d. 


Rem. b. Those in -wy and -ouvs have their feminine in -ovea and their 
neuter in τον, The masculine and neuter are declined like ἄρχων (8 29), 
except that the neuter is subject to the rule in ὃ 19, Rem. 6. 

Rem. c. Those in -as, -εἰς and -vs have their feminines in -aca -εἰσα 
and -voa and their neuters in -av, -ev and -vv. The masculines and neu- 
ters have their G. in -avros, -evros and -vros and are declined like ἄρχων 
(§ 29), except that the neuters are subject to the rule in ὃ 19, Rem. e. 

Rem. d. Those in -ws have their feminine in -va and their neuter in 
-os. The masculine and neuter have their G. in -oros and are declined 
similarly to the nouns in §§ 24 and 22, The only instance, among parti- 
ciples, of non-conformity to ὃ 10, Rem. b, is συνειδυίης, Acts v. 2. 


TRANSLATE 


1, ἁγνίσθητι. (Acts xxi. 24.) 2. διανοίχθητι (Mark vii. 34.) 8. 
καὶ ᾷδουσιν τὴν ῳδὴν Μωυσέως δούλου τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν δὴν τοῦ dpviov. 
(Rev. χν. 8.) 4. καὶ ἡ πόλις οὐ χρείαν ἔχει. τοῦ ἡλίου οὐδὲ τῆς σελήνης. 


98 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


(Rev. xxi. 23.) 5. μὴ κλαῖε. (Rev. v. 5.) 6. καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν 
ὄχλου πολλοῦ καὶ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν 
ἰσχυρῶν. (Rev. xix. 6.) 7. φοβήθητε τὸν θεόν. (Rev. xiv. 7.) 8, 
προσκυνήσατε τῷ ποιήσαντι τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν. (Rev. xiv. 7.) 9. 
λῦσον τοὺς τέσσερας ἀγγέλους. (Rev. ix. 14.) 10. ἐξαλείψει" ὁ θεὸς 
πᾶν δάκρυον. (Rev. vii. 17.) 


1 See § 34, Rem. a. 2 See ὃ 4, Rem. ὃ. 


ἜΧΣ, 


802, Verbs in -@, in the aorist, imperative, middle. 


νίψαι, wash (thou). (Matt. vi. 17.) : 
προσκαλεσάσθω, let him call for. (James v. 14.) 
ἐνωτίσασθε, give (ye) ear to, (Acts ii. 14.) 
προσευξάσθωσαν, let them pray. (James vy. 14.) 


§63. The personal pronouns, 


Rem, a. There are, in strictness, but two personal pronouns in N. Τὶ, 
Greek, ἐγώ, 1, and σύ, thou, the place of the third being supplied (in the 
oblique cases, but seldom in the nominative) by the intensive αὐτός, self, 


Rem, ὃ. ἐγώ and σύ are inflected as follows :— 


Sing. ei B Sing. Pl. 
N. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς, N. σύ ὑμεῖς. 
α, ἐμοῦ, μοῦ ἡμῶν G. σοῦ ὑμῶν 
Ὁ. ἐμοί, μοί ἡμῖν D. σοί ὑμῖν 
A. ἐμέ, μέ ἡμᾶς | <A. σέ ὑμᾶς 


Rem, 6. αὐτός has three terminations, -os, -y, -o, and is declined after 
the manner of adjectives in -os, -y, -ov, 


TRANSLATE 
1, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου. (Matt. vi.9.) 2. τί ἐποίησέν σοι; πῶς 
ἤνοιξέν σοι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς; (John ix. 26.) 8, τί πάλιν θέλετε ἀκούειν ; 
(John ix. 27.) 4. λέγουσιν τῷ τυφλῷ ' πάλιν, Σὺ τί λέγεις περὶ αὐτοῦ ; 
(John ix. 17.) 5. ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σὺ ἐγεννήθης ὅλος, καὶ σὺ διδάσκεις 
ἡμᾶς ; (John ix. 84.) 6, ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους, τόν ποτε 
τυφλόν. (John ix. 18.) 7. καὶ ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν" ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε. 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 39 


(1 Peter iv. 1.) 8. ὕπαγε νίψαι εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν τοῦ Σιλωάμ. (John 
ix. 7.) 9. rd με λέγεις ἀγαθόν; (Luke xviii. 19.) 10. ἔτι ἕν σοι λείπει. 
(Luke xviii. 22.) 


1 Supply ἀνθρώπῳ. 
2 αὐτός with the article has the force of ‘the same.’ 


XXXII. 


§ 64, Verbs in -@, in the perfect, imperative, passive and 
middle. 
πεφίμωσο, be (thou) still, (Mark iv. 39.) 
[πεπειράσϑθω, let it be tried. — Arist. Vesp. 1129. ] 
ἔῤῥωσθε, fare (ye) well. (Acts xv. 29.) 
[βεβουλεύσθωσαν, or -σθων, let them deliberate. | 


§65, The Reflexive pronouns, 

Rem. a, These are three in number, ἐμαυτοῦ, of myself, σεαυτοῦ, of 
thyself, and ἑαυτοῦ, of himself, 

Rem. Ὁ. They are found only in the oblique cases, and in N, T. Greek 


the first two occur only in the masculine singular, the place of their 
plurals being supplied by the plural of ἑαυτοῦ, ; 


Rem. c. ἑαυτοῦ has both masculine and feminine forms in both num- — 
bers. It is occasionally used for σεαυτοῦ, 


Rem. ἃ, The reflexives are declined (with the limitations above men- 
tioned) like the intensive αὐτός (see ὃ 63, Rem. 6). 


§66. The reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλων, of each other, 
of one another, 


Rem. In the N. T, the only forms are pl. G. ἀλλήλων, 1). ἀλλήλοις, 
A. ἀλλήλους, 


8 67, Possessive pronouns, 

Rem. a. From the genitives of the personal pronouns are formed the 
possessive adjective pronouns ἐμός, -7, -dv, mine, ἡμέτερος, -a, -ov, OUTS, 
σός, -ἡ, -dv, thine, ὑμέτερος, -a, -ov, yours. 


Rem. b. They are inflected like adjectives in -os, -7 or -a, -ov. 


40 - ΟΞ AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


TRANSLATE 

1. αὐτὸς 1 δὲ ὁ Ἰωάννης εἶχεν τὸ ἔνδυμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τριχῶν " καμήλου 
καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ. (Matt. iii. 4.) 2. λέγει 
αὐτῷ ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς Πορεύου. (John iv. 50.) 8. κἀγὼ ἐὰν ὑψωθῶ ἐκ τῆς 
γῆς, πάντας ἑλκύσω πρὸς ἐμαυτόν. (John xii. 32.) 4. κἀγὼ ἀγαπήσω 
αὐτὸν καὶ ἐμφανίσω αὐτῷ ἐμαυτόν. (John xiv. 21.) ὅ. καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν 
ἐγὼ ἁγιάζω ἐμαυτόν. (John xvii. 19.) 6. προσέχετε οὖν ἑαυτοῖς. (Acts 
Xx. 28.) 7. μισήσουσιν ἀλλήλους. (Matt. xxiv. 10.) 8, μὴ ἕνεκεν 
βρώματος κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ θεοῦ. (Rom. xiv. 20.) 9. σὺ δὲ τί 
κρίνεις τὸν ἀδελφόν σου; (Rom. xiv.10.) 10. ὁ ἐσθίων κυρίῳ ἐσθίει. 


(Rom. xiv. 6.) 


1 Intensive, ‘ himself.’ 2 From θρίξ. 


XXXII. 


§68. Verbs in -q, in the infinitive, passive and middle. 


Pres. Pass. (and Mid.) θεραπεύεσθαι, to be cured. (Luke v. 15.) 
Aorist Pass, πιστευθῆναι, to be intrusted with. (1 Thess. ii. 4.) 
Aorist Mid. νίψασθαι, to wash. (John xiii. 10.) : 
Perf. Pass. (and Mid.) ἀπολελύσθαι, to have been released. (Acts xxvi. 32.) 


§69. Demonstrative pronouns. 


Rem. a. The principal ones are οὗτος, this, this one, and ἐκεῖνος, that, 
that one. The latter is declined like αὐτός (see ὃ 63, Rem. c): the former 
has for its nominatives οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, and οὗτοι, αὗται, ταῦτα, the 
remaining forms all beginning with 7 and being inflected regularly like 
αὐτός. 

Rem. b. In like manner are declined τοσοῦτος, -αὐτη, -οὔτο, τοιοῦτος, 
«αὐτη, -οὔῦτο, τηλικοῦτος, -αὐτη, -οὔτο, and ἄλλος, -7, -0. 


8. 70, The relative pronoun us. 


Rem. Its forms in the N. sing. are ὅς, ἥ, 8, and it is inflected regu- 
larly like αὐτός. 


§ 71. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns. 
Rem. a. The interrogative ris, neut. τί, and the indefinite pronoun of 


=a Δ δὼ ΔΑ. “δα δ oe 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 41 


the same form, are inflected like nouns of the third declension with the 
G. ending vos (see § 37), except that the neuters are subject to the rule in 
§ 19, Rem. 6. . 

Rem. b. The indefinite relative ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι, whoever, whatever, (com- 
pounded of és and 7is,) inflects both its component parts. In Matt. v. 
25 occurs the secondary form ὅτου in place of the regular οὗτινος. 

Rem. ς. The indefinite δεῖνα, such a one, is found only in Matt. 

“xxvi. 18. 
TRANSLATE 


1. οὐ yap ὡς ὑμεῖς ὑπολαμβάνετε οὗτοι peOvovow. (Acts ii. 15.) 2. 
6 δὲ Σίμων «καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπίστευσεν. (Acts viii, 18.) 8. ὁμοιωθήσεται * 
ἀνδρὶ φρονίμῳ, ὅστις φκοδόμησεν τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν. 
(Matt. vii. 24.) 4. πᾶσα φυτεία ἣν οὐκ ἐφύτευσεν ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐρά- 
nos ἐκριζωθήσεται. (Matt. χν. 18.) ὅ. ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς 
σεαυτόν. (Mark xii. 81.) 6. 6 ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θη- 
σαυροῦ τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ προφέρει τὸ ἀγαθόν. (Luke vi. 45.) 7. ὁ δὲ 
Ἰησοῦς ἐπορεύετο σὺν αὐτοῖς. (Luke vii. 6.) 8. βλέπεις ταύτην τὴν 
γυναῖκα ; (Luke vii. 44.) 9. τίνι οὖν ὁμοιώσω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τῆς γενεᾶς 
ταύτης; (Luke vii. 81.) 10. ἥψατό μου τίς. (Luke viii. 46.) 

1 In ὅστις it is implied that the man built upon the rock because he was prudent. 


Translate, “‘a man who, being prudent, built.” 
2 See § 82, III. 


XXXITI. 


§ 72. Passive and middle participles of verbs in -ὦ, in the 
nominative singular masculine. 


Pres. Pass. (and Mid.) ἐλεγχόμενος, being reproved. (Luke iii. 19.) 
Aorist Pass. ἁγνισθείς, having been purified. (Acts xxi. 26.) 
Aorist Mid. νιψάμενος, having washed (myself). (John ix. 11.) 
Perf. Pass. (and Mid.) πεπαιδευμένος, having been educated. (Acts xxii. 3.) 
Rem. On the inflection of the passive and middle participles see § 61, 
Rem. a, 6. 
§ 73. Contract verbs. 


Rem. a. Verbs in -dw, -éw, and -dw are contracted in the present and 


* Instead of ὁμοιωθήσεται the T. R. has ὁμοιώσω αὐτόν. 


49 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


imperfect tenses, although there are a few exceptions to the rule. These 
contractions give rise to ge tl 

w from aw, ao, aov, εω, 0W, 07, ; 

from aor, 

a from ae, ay, aec (only in the infinitive BON sg 

ᾳ from ae, ay, 

εἰ from eet, €€, 

ov from €0, εου, 0€, θεῖ, 00, οοῦ, 

ἢ from ae, €n, 

ῃ from ἀεί, ey, 

οἱ from o€t, on, €0t, oot. 
Other contractions than these must be considered feneeden ὼ : 
- Rem. ὃ. The second person singular of the present indicative passive 
and middle sometimes ends in σαι instead of ἢ, 


TRANSLATE 


1. καὶ καθὼς θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε 
αὐτοῖς ὁμοίως. (Luke vi. 81.) 2. τί δέ με καλεῖτε κύριε, κύριε, καὶ οὐ 
ποιεῖτε ἃ λέγω; (Luke vi. 46.) 8. ἀγαπᾷ γὰρ τὸ ἔθνος ἡμῶν καὶ τὴν 
συναγωγὴν αὐτὸς φκοδύμησεν ἡμῖν. (Luke vii. 5.) 4. καυχάσθω δὲ 6 
ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς ᾿ ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ. (James i. 9.) ὅ. ὑπόστρεφε εἰς 
τὸν οἶκόν σου. (Luke viii. 39.) 6. ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τί γέγραπται; " (Luke 
x. 26.) 7. πορεύου καὶ σὺ ποίει ὁμοίως. (Luke x. 87.) 8. καὶ διελο- 
γίζετο ἐν ἑαυτῷ λέγων Τί ποιήσω ὅτι οὐκ ἔχω ποῦ συνάξω τοὺς καρ- 
πούς pov; (Luke xii. 17.) 9. ἐφοβοῦντο τὸν λαόν. (Mark xi. 32.) 10. 
ὁ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει καθὼς γέγραπται περὶ αὐτοῦ. (Mark 
xiv. 21.) : 

1 When an attributive adjective stands after its noun, it regularly takes the article. 


2 See § 34, Rem. a. 
8 The subjunctive is used in deliberative questions. 


XXXIV. 


§ 74. Liquid verbs. 


Rem. a. Those are called liquid verbs which, ending in w, have one 
of the liquids (A, μ, ν, p) as the last letter of the root. 


Rem. ὃ. More than two hundred of these, including sadiecbands, are 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 43 


found in the N. T. The majority end in vw, while there are very few 
in -μω. =e 

Rem. c. As a rule, these verbs do not have the tense characteristic (c) 
in the future and aorist active and middle. 

Rem. d. If the vowel before the liquid is long, in the future it is 
shortened, the diphthongs a: and εἰ becoming ἃ and ε respectively; and 
one ἃ in verbs in -λλω being dropped. 

Rem. 6. In the aorist active the vowel before the liquid is uniformly 
long. Ifin the future it has been shortened (Rem. d), it is not always 
lengthened in the aorist to the form which it had in the present. The 
aorist and perfect passive and the perfect active retain the short vowel, 
although ε is often changed to a in verbs of two syllables. 

Rem. f. In the future they are inflected like the present of contract 
verbs (see ὃ 78), the ending ὦ having apparently come from -ecw through 
the intermediate -ew. The fut. indic. act. endings in full are sing. ὥ, εἴς, 
εἴ, pl. οὔμεν, etre, odow. 

Rem. g. The aorists active and middle are inflected regularly, except 
as above indicated. 

Rem. h. Liquid and mute (and occasionally pure) verbs form the third 
person plural (and sometimes other persons both singular and plural) of 
the perf. and plup. pass. and mid. periphrastically, by prefixing, or else 
affixing, the N. of the perf. pass. part. to the pres. and imperf. tenses 
respectively of the verb εἰμί : 6. 9. γυναῖκές twes al ἦσαν τεθεραπευμέναι, 
certain women who had been healed. (Luke viii. 2.) Cf. §44, Rem. a. 
and § 46, Rem. a. 

TRANSLATE 


1. ἐπιμενῶ δὲ ᾿Εφέσῳ ἕως Τῆς πεντηκοστῆς. (1 Cor. xvi. 8.) 2. τότε 
ἠρώτησαν αὐτὸν ἐπιμεῖναι ἡμέρας τινάς." (Acts x. 48.) 8, ἐπεμείναμεν 
αὐτοῦ ἡμέρας" ἑπτά. (Acts xxi. 4.) 4. μείνατε ὧδε καὶ γρηγορεῖτε μετ᾽ 
ἐμοῦ. (Matt. xxvi. 38.) ὅ. ἔμεινεν δὲ Μαριὰμ σὺν αὐτῇ ὡσεὶ μῆνας ᾽ 
τρεῖς, καὶ ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτῆς. (Luke i. ὅ6.) 6. μεῖνον μεθ᾽ 
ἡμῶν. (Luke xxiv. 29.) 7. καὶ ἐκεῖ ἔμειναν οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας. (John 
ii. 19.) 8. ἐὰν τὰς ἐντολάς μου τηρήσητε, μενεῖτε ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ μου. 
(John xv. 10.) 9. τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ. (Matt. 
iv. 6.) 10. ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἣν αὐτὸς ἐπηγγείλατο ἡμῖν. (1 John ii. 25.) 


1 See § 82, ΧΧΥ͂. 


44 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


XXXYV. 


§75. Duplicate or “second” tenses.” 


Rem. a. Sometimes in addition to certain of the regular tenses, but 
usually instead of them, many verbs have secondary forms. 

Rem. b. The second aorist active ends in ov and is inflected like the 
imperfect active (ὃ 3). A second aorist active in -a (called the Alexan- 
drian aorist) is occasionally met with, and also the Alexandrian ending 
οσαν for ov in the third person plural of the imperfect and second aorist 
active. 

Rem. c. The second aorist passive ends in ἣν and is inflected like the 
first aorist passive (§ 38). 

Rem. d. The second aorist middle ends in ou and is inflected like 
the imperfect passive and middle (§ 32). 

Rem. 6. The second perfect active ends in a and is inflected like the 
first perfect active (§ 7). 

Rem. f. The second pluperfect active ends in ew and is inflected like 
the first pluperfect active (§ 9). 

Rem. g. The second future passive ends in yoowa and is inflected like 
the first future passive (§ 34). 

Rem. h. The other modes are formed regularly from the indicative, 
the second aorist active and middle following the analogy of the present 
active and middle. 

Rem. i. The root to which the endings of the second tenses are affixed 
is frequently not the exact root of the present, but a simpler form. Thus 
the second aorist active of φεύγω is not ἔφευγον (which is the form of 
the imperfect) but ἔφυγον (Matt. xxvi. 56). Sometimes the roots are 
altogether unlike, as in τρέχω (1 Cor. ix. 26), 2 aor. ἔδραμον (Matt. 
XXviii. 8). 


TRANSLATE 


1. πῶς φύγητε; (Matt. xxiii. 33.) 2. ἔφυγον ἀπὸ rod μνημείου. 
(Mark xvi. 8.) 8. ἔφυγεν δὲ Μωυσῆς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ. (Acts vii. 29.) 
4. ἐπυνθάνετο παρ᾽ αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ Χριστὸς γεννᾶται. (Matt. ii. 4.) 5. πυ- 
θόμενος ὅτι ἀπὸ Κιλικίας. (Acts xxiii. 84.) 6. ἔδραμον ὁ ἀπαγγεῖλαι 
τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ. (Matt. xxviii. 8.) 7. ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ. 
(John xx. 4.) 8. ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι. (Matt. ii. 8.) 9. ἀπήγγειλαν 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 45 


πάντα. (Matt. viii. 33.) 10. ἀπήγγειλεν δὲ ὁ δεσμοφύλαξ τοὺς λόγους 
τούτους πρὸς τὸν Παῦλον. (Acts xvi. 36.) 


1 Supply in translation ‘he was.’ 2 See Rem. i. 


, 
- 


ΧΧΧΥ͂Ι. 


§ 76. Verbs in -μί. 


Rem. a. About one hundred of the N. T. verbs end in ju, a very large 
proportion of which, however, are compounds, many of them of rare 
occurrence. 


Rem. ὃ. Their stems end either in ἡ, ὕ, or (in a single instance) w, 
lengthened from ε or ἃ, ὕ and o, which are preserved in many of the 
forms. 

Rem. c. δίδωμι and several verbs in -yue have a reduplicated stem in 
the present and imperfect. 

Rem. d. In the present, imperfect, and second aorist, the inflection of 
verbs in -μὲ is generally anomalous, chiefly from the absence of connect- 
ing vowels in the endings. Thus we have ἔθεντο (Acts v. 18) and not 
ἐθέοντο as the 2 aor. mid. of τίθημι Such forms of these tenses as 
occur in the New Testament are given in the following sections. 


Rem. e. Some verbs in -w form the second aorist after the analogy of 
verbs in -μι. 


§ 77. Forms of the verb δίδωμι (root 00), to give.* 
ACTIVE. 


Pres. Indic. sing. 1 δίδωμι (also διδῶ), 2 δίδως, 3 δίδωσι, pl. 8 διδόασιν ; 
Subj. sing. 3 διδοῖ, pl. 8 διδῶσι ; Imp. sing. 2 δίδου, 8 διδότω, pl. 2 δίδοτε 5 
Inf. διδόναι ; Part. διδούς (neut. διδοῦν in some MSS.). 

Imperf. Indic. sing. 1 ἐδίδουν, 3 ἐδίδου, pl. 3 ἐδίδοσαν (in composition 
ἐδίδουν). 

Aor. II. Indic. pl. 3 ἔδοσαν ; Subj. sing. 1 δῶ, 2 δῷς, 3 δῷ and δοῖ, 
pl. 1 δῶμεν, 2 δῶτε, 3 δῶσι ; Imp. sing. 2 δός, 3 δότω, pl. 2 δότε ; Inf. 
δοῦναι ; Part. δούς. 


* In the forms given in this and succeeding sections, the prepositions of 
compound verbs are for the most part omitted. The numerals 1, 2, 3, indi- 
cate persons. 


40 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres. Indic. sing. 3 δίδοται, pl. 1 διδόμεθα; Inf. δίδοσθαι; Part. 
διδόμενος. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἐδίδετο and ἐδίδοτο. 


MIDDLE. ; , 
Aor. II. Indic. sing. 3 éero and ἔδοτο, pl. 2 ἔδοσθε, 3 ἔδοντο. 


Rem. The peculiar form δώῃ or Semis Act. Aor. II. 3 sing. Subj. for 
δῷ or Opt. for δοίη according as editors place the « subscript. 


TRANSLATE 


1. ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, δότω αὐτῇ ἀποστάσιον. (Matt. 
v. 81.) 2. μὴ δῶτε τὸ ἅγιον τοῖς κυσίν. (Matt. νἱϊ. θ) 8. δωῤεὰν 
δότε. (Matt. χ. 8.) 4. λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Τί οὖν Μωυσῆς ἐνετείλατο δοῦναι 
βιβλίον ἀποστασίου καὶ ἀπολῦσαι; Ἐ (Matt. xix. 7.) 5. δῶμεν ἢ μὴ 
δῶμεν ; (Mark xii. 14.) 6. δὸς τούτῳ τόπον. (Luke xiv. 9.) 7. οὐδεὶς 
ἐδίδου αὐτῷ. (Luke xv. 16.) 8. ὁ πατήρ μου δίδωσιν ὑμῖν τὸν ἄρτον ἐκ 
τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸν ἀληθινόν. (John vi. 82.) 9. ὁ καταβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 
καὶ ζωὴν διδοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ. (John vi, 33.) 10. ἀπαγγελῶ τὸ ὄνομά σου 
τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς pov. (Heb. ii. 12,) 


XXXVII. 


§78. Forms of verbs in -Ἤμι. 


1. ἵστημι (root στα), to place or station ; Aor. 2, to stand. 
ACTIVE. 
Pres. Indie. sing. 1 ἵστημι, 3 ἴστησι and iorg ; Subj. pl. 1 ἱστῶμεν ; 
Inf. ἱστάναι ; Part iords and ἱστῶν. 
Aor. IT. Indic. sing. 8 ἔστη, pl. 1 ἔστημεν, 2 ἔστητε, ὃ ἔστησαν ; 
Subj. sing. 3 στῇ, pl. 2 στῆτε, ὃ στῶσι ; Imp. sing. 2 στῆθι (and στα in 
composition), 3 στήτω, pl. 2 στῆτε ; Inf. στῆναι ; Part ords. 


MIppLeE AND PASSIVE. 


Pres. Indic. sing. 8 ἵσταται, pl. 8 ἵστανται ; Imp. sing. 2 ἵστασο ; Inf. 
ἵστασθαι ; Part. ἱστάμενος. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἵστατο, pl. 3 ἵσταντο. 


* The T. R. adds αὐτήν. 


ἊΝ "ἀμ 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 47 


2. τίθημι (root θε), to ΡῈ 
ACTIVE. 
Pres. Indie. sing. .1 COT 8 τίθησι, pl. 1 τίθεμεν, 3 τιθέασι ; Imp. 
sing. 2 τίθει, ὃ τιθέτω ; Inf. τιθέναι ; part. τιθείς. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 1 ἐτίθουν, 8 ἐτίθει, pl. 3 ἐτίθεσαν, ἐτίθουν. 
_ Aor. 11. Subj. sing. 1 θῶ, 2 θῇς, 3 θῇ, pl. 3 θῶσι ; Imp. sing. 2 θές ; 
- Inf. θεῖναι ; Part. θείς. 
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres. Indic. sing. 1 τίθεμαι, 3 τίθεται, pl. 2 τίθεσθε ; ; Imp. pl. 8 τιθέσ- 
θωσαν; Inf. τίθεσθαι ; Part. τιθέμενος. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἐτίθετο, pl. 3 ἐτίθεντο. 
Plup. Indic. pl. 8 ἐτέθειντο. 


MIDDLE. 

Aor. 11. Indie. sing. 1 nena 2 ἔθου, 3 ἔθετο, pl. 2 ἔθεσθε, 3 ἔθεντο ; 
‘Subj. pl. 1 θώμεθϑα ; ne sing. 2 θοῦ, pl. 2 θέσθε ; Inf. θέσθαι ; Part. 
θέμενος. 

TRANSLATE © 


1. ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες. (Acts ii. 12.) 2. ἔλεγον γὰρ ὅτι ἐξέστη. 
(Mark iii. 21.) 8. ἀνέστη τὸ κοράσιον καὶ περιεπάτει. (Mark ν. 42.) 
4. πάλιν γέγραπται Οὐκ᾿ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον᾽' τὸν θεόν σου. (Matt. iv. 7.) 
5. δεῖ πληρωθῆναι πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα" ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Μωυσέως καὶ 
προφήταις ὃ καὶ ψαλμοῖς ἢ περὶ ἐμοῦ. (Luke xxiv, 44.) 6. ἑταῖρε, οὐκ 
ἀδικῶ σε: οὐχὶ δηναρίου" συνεφώνησάς" por; (Matt. xx. 18.) 7. 
συνελάλουν ὃ πρὸς ἀλλήλους. (Luke iv. 86.) 8. κἀγὼ διατίθεμαι ὑμῖν 
καθὼς διέθετό μοι ὃ πατήρ μου βασιλείαν. (Luke xxii. 29.) 9, ἔτι 
αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἦ ἔρχεταί τις παρὰ τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου. (Luke viii. 49.) 
10. μὴ φόβου, ἀλλὰ λάλει καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς- (Acts xviii. 9.) 


1 Proper names, when followed by a noun in apposition, do not take the article ; 
and κύριος is here used as a proper name. 

2 A labial (7, B, φ) before « is changed into μ. 

3 Usually only the first of two or more nouns connected by «ai and naturally 
grouped together has the article, when they agree in gender and number ; but if they 
differ in number, the article is very rarely omitted. In the present passage it may 
therefore be considered doubtful whether we should translate ‘the prophets and the 
psalms’ or ‘prophets and psalms.” 

4 See § 82, X. 

5 y is changed into μ before π, B, Φ, but reappears whenever a vowel is interposed. 

6 y before another liquid is changed into that liquid, reappearing when a vowel is 
interposed. 

7 See § 82, XL 


48 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


XXX VIII. 


§79. Forms of verbs in -77{tl, continued. 


3. inp, to send. 
ACTIVE. 


Pres. Indic. sing. 1 tut, 3 ἵησι, pl. 1 ἵεμεν and ἴομεν, 2 tere, 3 ἱᾶσι and 


ἰοῦσιν or ἵουσιν ; Subj. pl. 3 idor; Imp. sing. 3 iérw, pl. 2 tere ; Inf. 
ἱέναι ; Part. ἱείς and twv or ἰῶν. 

Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 tev. 

Aor. II. Subj. sing. 1 ὦ, 3 9, pl. 1 ὦμεν, 2 Fre, 3 ὦσι ; Imp. sing. 2 
és, pl. 2 re; Inf. εἶναι ; Part. ets. 

MIDDLE AND PAssIvE. 

Pres. Indic. sing. 3 ἵεται, pl. 3 ἵενται (ἴονται in the Cambridge MS.) ; 
Part. iéuevos. 

Perf. Indic. pl. 3 ἕωνται. 


4. φημί, to say. 
ACTIVE. 
Pres. Indic. sing. 1 φημί, 3 φησί, pl. 3 φασί. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἔφη. 
5. πίμπρημι, to burn. 
MIDDLE AND Passive. — Pres. Inf. πίμπρασθαι. 


6. ὀνίνημι, to profit. 
Mippiz. — Aor. II. Opt. sing. 1 ὀναίμην. 
7. δύναμαι," to be able. 


Pres. Indic. sing. 1 δύναμαι, 2 δύνασαι, δύνῃ, 3 δύναται, pl. 1 δυνάμεθα, 
2 δύνασθε, 3 δύνανται ; Subj. sing. 3 δύνηται, pl. 3 δύνωνται ; Opt. sing. 
1 δυναίμην, pl. 3 δύναιντο ; Inf. δύνασθαι ; Part. δυνάμενος. 

Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἠδύνατο, pl. 2 ἠδύνασθε, ὃ ἠδύναντο. ἢ 


8. ἐπίσταμαι," to know, understand. 


Pres. Indie. sing. 1 ἐπίσταμαι, 3 ἐπίσταται, pl. 2 ἐπίστασθε, 3 ἐπίσ- 
τανται ; Part. ἐπιστάμενος. 


* Deponent. 


+ A few verbs have 7 instead of ε for their augment in the imperfect and 
aorist. 


~s 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 49 


TRANSLATE 


1. ἀκούετε καὶ συνίετε. (Matt. xv. 10.) 2. οὔπω νοεῖτε οὐδὲ συνίετε; 
(Mark viii. 17.) 8. τότε διήνοιξεν αὐτῶν τὸν νοῦν τοῦ συνιέναι' τὰς 
γράφας. (Luke xxiv. 45.) 4. ἡ δὲ προβιβασθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς 
αὐτῆς Δός μοι, φησίν, ὧδε ἐπὶ πίνακι τὴν κεφαλὴν ᾿Ιωάννουι (Matt. xiv. 
8.) ὅ. οὗτος ἔφη, Δύναμαι καταλῦσαι τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ διὰ τριῶν 
ἡμερῶν οἰκοδομῆσαι. (Matt. xxvi. 61.) 6. καθώς φασίν τινες. (Rom. 
iii. 8.) 7. λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι δύναται ὁ θεὸς ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ἐγεῖραι 
τέκνα τῷ ᾿Αβραάμ. (Matt. iii. 9.) 8. λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα. (Matt. 
XX. 22.) 9. ὅσον χρόνον ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν, οὐ δύνανται 
νηστεύειν. (Mark ii. 19.) 10. καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν." (Mark 
iv. 41.) 

1 See § $2, XII. 2 See § 82, XXIIL 


XXXIX. 


§ 80. Forms of verbs in -vul. 
kL δείκνυμι, to show. 

ACTIVE. 

Pres. Indic. sing. 1 δείκνυμι, 3 δείκνυσι ; Part. δεικνύς. 
MrppLE AND Passive. 

Pres. Indic. pl. 3 δείκνυνται ; Inf. δείκνυσθαι ; Part. δεικνύμενος. 

2. ἀμφιέννυμι, to put on, to clothe. 
Activr. — Pres. Indic. sing. 3 ἀμφιέννυσι. 


3. ὑποζώννυμι, to undergird. 
Active. — Pres. Part. ὑποζωννύς. 


4, ἀπόλλυμι, to destroy. 
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres. Indic. sing. 1 ἀπόλλυμαι, 3 ἀπόλλυται, pl. 1 ἀπολλύμεθα ; Part. 
ἀπολλύμενος. 
(Mip. Aor. IT. ὠλόμην, regular.) 


5. ῥήγνυμι, to break. 


MIDDLE AND PAssIVE. 
Pres. Indic. pl. 3 ῥήγνυνται. Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἐῤῥήγνντο. 


50 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK 


6. δύμι, to sink, go down: pres. in actual use, dive. 
Activr. — Aor. IT. sing. 3 ἔδυ. 
7. κρεμάννυμι, to hang up. 
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres. Indic. sing. 3 κρέμαται, pl. 8 κρέμανται ; Part. κρεμάμενος, ---- fol- 
lowing the analogy of verbs in -ἡμι. 
Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἐκρέματο, ἐκρέμετο. 
8. σβέννυμι, to quench. 
ACTIVE. 
Pres. Imp. pl. 2 σβέννυτε. 


MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres, Indic. sing. 3 σβέννυται, pl. 3 σβέννυνται. 


9. συναναμίγνυμι, to mix up with. 


MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 
Pres. Imp. pl. 2 συναναμίγνυσθε ; Inf. συναναμίγνυσθαι. 


10. ὄμνυμι, to swear. 
ActTIvE. — Pres. Inf. ὀμνύναι. 


881, Inflection of the verbs εἰμί, to be, and εἶμι, to go. 
1, εἰμί. 

Pres. Ind. sing. 1 εἰμί, 2 εἶ, 8 ἐστί, pl. 1 ἐσμέν, 2 ἐστέ, 8 εἰσί ; Subj. 
sing. 1 ὦ, 2 ἧς, 8 ἢ, pl. 1 ὦμεν, 2 Fre, 8 Gor; Opt. sing. 2 εἴης, 3 ety; 
Imp. sing. 2 tof, ὃ ἔστω, ἤτω, pl. 3 ἔστωσαν ; Inf. εἶναι ; Part. ὦν. 

Imperf. Indic. sing. 1 ἤμην, 2 ἧς, ἦσθα, 8 ἣν, pl. 1 ἦμεν, ἤμεθα, 2 ἦτε, 
3 ἦσαν. 


Fut. Indic. sing. 1 ἔσομαι, 2 ἔσῃ, 3 ἔσται, pl. 1 ἐσόμεθα, 2 ἔσεσθε, 8 
ἔσονται ; Inf. ἔσεσθαι ; Part. ἐσόμενος. 


2. εἶμι (in the N. T. found only in composition). 


Pres. Indic. pl. 3 ἔασι ; Imp. sing. 2 ἴθι in the Vatican MS. ; Inf. 
ἰέναι ; Part. ἰών. 


Imperf. Indic. sing. 3 ἤει, pl. 8 ἤεσαν. 


TRANSLATE 
1. μὴ συσχηματίζεσθε' τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ. (Rom. xii. 2.) 2. πάντα 
γὰρ ὑμῶν" ἐστίν" (1 Cor. iii, 21.) 3. καὶ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἑαυτῶν. (1 Cor. 
vi. 19.) 4. τίνος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἔσται γυνή; (Matt. xxii. 28.) ὅ. εἰ δέ τις 


OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 51 


πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει, οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ." (Rom. viii. 9.) 6. 
ἠκούσατε τῆς βλασφημίας "" τί ὑμῖν φαΐνεται; (Mark. xiv. 64.) 7. σὺ 
εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; (Mark. xv. 3.) 8. οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ vids μου 
ὁ ἀγαπητός. (Matt. xvii. 5.) 9. εἰ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἦτε, ὁ κόσμος ἂν τὸ 
ἴδιον ἐφίλει. (John xv. 19.) 10. ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὴν χλαμύδα. (Matt. 
xxvii. 31.) 

1 When σύν in composition is followed by ¢ or by σ and another consonant, it may 
either retain its full form or be shortened to ov. 


2 See § 82, IV. 4 See § 82, V. 6 See § 82, XXIV. 
3 See § 82, I. 5 See §3, Rem. a. 


XL. 


§ 82. Rules of Syntax. 
I. A neuter plural may be the subject of a singular verb. 
II. Verbs implying separation and source are followed by the genitive. 


III. All words expressing or implying a part or action upon a part of 
anything are followed by a genitive of the whole. 


IV. The genitive (and sometimes the dative) is used to denote pos- 
session. 

V. Verbs of sense, except those of sight, may govern the genitive. 

VI. Many verbs denoting operations of the mind govern the genitive. 


VII. Verbs of accusing, convicting, efc., are followed by a genitive of 
the person and an accusative of the crime. 


VIII. Certain verbs implying a noun govern the genitive. 
IX. Words signifying plenty and want are followed by the genitive. 
X. The price of a thing is put in the genitive. 

_ XI. A noun or a pronoun and a participle may stand in the genitive, 


to denote the time or some other circumstance of an action. This is 
called the genitive absolute. 


XII. The genitive of the neuter article with an infinitive is often used 
to denote purpose. 

XIII. The comparative degree usually governs the genitive, except 
when followed by 4%. 


XIV. The instrument with which and the means by which anything 
is done are put in the dative. 


» 


52 AN INTRODUCTION TO NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. 


XV. A noun used to denote the mode or manner of an action is put 
in the dative, with or without a preposition. 

XVI. The dative is used to denote that with reference to which, in 
accordance with which, or on account of which, something is or takes 
place. 

XVII. Words denoting likeness or similarity are followed by the 
dative. 

XVIII. The dative is used with comparatives and verbs implying 
comparison, to indicate to what extent one thing exceeds or falls short of 
another. 

XIX. Verbs signifying to contend with, to use, and sometimes those 
of participating in, are followed by the dative. 

XX. The dative is sometimes used after passive verbs to denote the 
agent. 

XXI. The dative (very rarely the genitive) is used to denote the time 
at which (sometimes during which) a thing takes place, and occasionally 
the place where. 

XXII. An accusative case may be the subject of an infinitive. 


XXIII. Many verbs are followed by an accusative of kindred sig- 
nification. 

XXIV. Some verbs take two accusatives, one of the person and the 
other of the thing. 


XXV. Duration of time and extent of space are put in the accusative. 


TRANSLATE 


1. βούλομαι οὖν προσεύχεσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ' ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ. (1 Tim. 
ii. 8.) 2. καὶ κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ " οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς πολλά." (Mark xv. 3.) 
3. TadXiwvos® δὲ ἀνθυπατεύοντος τῆς Axaias ἡ κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν 
οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ Παύλῳ. (Acts xviii. 12.) 4. ἰδοὺ πεπληρώκατε τὴν 
Ἱερουσαλὴμ τῆς διδαχῆς " ὑμῶν. (Acts v. 28.) 5. ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ 
πνεύματι" τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ. (Eph. 1.18.) 6. πᾶσα δὲ γυνὴ 
προσευχομένη ἣ προφητεύουσα ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ ἶ καταισχύνει 
τὴν κεφαλὴν ἑαυτῆς. (1 Cor. xi. 5.) 7. εἰ γὰρ καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ ὃ ἄπειμι 
ἀλλὰ τῷ πνεύματι" σὺν ὑμῖν εἰμί. (Col. 11. 6.) 8. ὅμοιοι αὐτῷ" ἐσόμεθα. 
(1 John iii. 2.) 9. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐχρησάμεθα τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ" ταύτῃ. (1 Cor. 
ix. 12.) 10. εὑρέθην " rois™ ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν. (Rom. x. 20.) 

1 Rule XXII. 2 Rule VII. 8 Rule XI. 4 Rule VIII. 5 Rule IX. 


6. Rule XIV. 7 Rule XV. 8 Rule XVI. 9 Rule XVII. 10 Rule XIX. 
11 Aor. I. pass. of εὑρίσκω, an irregular verb. 12 Rule XX. 


VOCABULARY. 


A. 

᾿Ααρών, ὁ, Aaron. 

᾿Αβραάμ, ὁ, Abraham. 

ἄβυσσος, ov, 7, an abyss. 

ἀγαθός, ἡ, dv, adj., good. 

ἀγαπάω, to love. 

ἀγάπη, 7s, 7, love. 

ἀγαπητός, 7, dv, adj., beloved. 

ἄγγελος, ov, ὁ, a messenger, an angel. 

ἀγέλη, ns, ἡ, a herd. 

ἁγιάζω, to make clean or holy, to 
hallow. 

ἅγιος, fa, cov, adj., holy. 

ayvitw, to purify. 

ἀγοράζω, to buy. 

᾿Αγρίππας, a, ὁ, Agrippa. 

ἄγω, to lead, to bring, to go. 

ἀδελφή, ἢς, ἡ, a sister. 

ἀδελφός, of, ὁ, a brother. 

ἀδικέω, to do injustice, to hurt, to 
harm. 

ἄδω, to sing. 

del, adv., ever, always. 

ἀήρ, ἀέρος, ὁ, air. 

αἰδώς, dos, οῦς, 7, modesty, reverence. 

airéw, to ask, to ask for. 

αἰών, dvos, ὁ, an age; 6 αἰών, the 
age, the world. 

ἀκατακάλυπτος, ὁ, ἡ, adj., unveiled, 
uncovered. 

ἀκολουθέω, to follow. 

- ἀκούω, to hear. 

ἀληθεία, as, ἡ, truth. 

ἀληθινός, ἡ, dv, adj., true. 

ἀλλά (an adversative particle, 
stronger than δέ), but, yet. 


ἀλλήλων, of one another. 

ἅλων, wos, ἡ, a threshing-floor. 

ἁμαρτία, as, ἡ, sin. 

ἁμαρτωλός, of, ὁ, ἡ, adj., sinful, 
subst., a sinner. 

ἀμπελῶν, ὥνος, ὁ, a vineyard. 

ἄν, a particle usually calling for no 
translation, but serving to give an 
air of uncertainty or indefiniteness 
to the words with which it is con- 
nected. It may sometimes be 
rendered “ perchance.” After rela- 
tive pronouns it is equivalent to 
the English termination -ever, 6. g. 
ὃς ἂν, whoever : with verbs, it is 
often equivalent to the auxiliary 
would. 

ἀναβαίνω, to go up. 

ἀνάγω, to lead up; mid. and pass., to 
set’ sail. 

ἀνακρίνω, to examine. 

dvaxwpéw, to go back, to withdraw. 

ἄνεμος, ov, ὁ, wind. 

ἀνέχομαι, to bear with. 

ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ, a man, a husband. 

ἄνθρωπος, ov, ὁ, ahuman being, aman. 

ἀνθυπατεύω, to be proconsul. 

ἀνθύπατος, ov, ὁ, a proconsul. 

ἀνίστημι, to raise up ; aor. 2, to rise 
up. 

ἀνοίγω, to open. 

ἀντέχομαι, to cleave to. 

ἀντί (with gen.), over against, in ex- 
change for, for. 

ἀντιπίπτω, to resist. 

ἀπαγγέλλω, to announce, to tell, to 
report. 


54 


ἀπάγχω, to strangle (to death). 

ἄπειμι, to be absent. 

ἀπέναντι, adv., in the presence of. 

ἄπιστος, ov, adj., without faith, un- 
believing. 

ἀπό (with gen.), from. 

᾿Απολλώς, ὦ, ὁ, Apollos. 

ἀπολύω, to free from, to free one’s 
self from, to put away. 

ἀπονίπτω, to wash off, to wash. 

ἀποστάσιον, ov, τό, a divorce, a bill 
of divorce. 

ἀπόστολος, ov, ὁ, an apostle. 

ἅπτω, to touch. 

ἀρνίον, ov, τό, a lamb. 

ἄρτι, adv., now, just now. 

ἄρτος, ov, ὁ, a loaf of bread, bread, 
food. 

ἀρχιερεύς, ews, ὁ, a chief priest. 

ἀρχισυνάγωγος, ov, ὁ, a ruler of a 
synagogue. 

ἄρχομαι, to begin. 

ἄρχων, ὁ, a ruler. 

ἀστήρ, épos, ὁ, a star. 

ἄστρον, ov, τό, a star. 

αὐτός, 7, 6, self; in oblique cases, 
him, her, it. 

αὐτοῦ, adv., there. 

ἀφορίζω, to separate. 

ἄφρων, ov, adj., senseless, foolish. 

᾿Αχαΐα, as, ἡ, Achaia. 


B. 


βάθος, cos, ovs, τό, depth. 
βάλλω, to cast, to put, to pour. 
Bapéw, to weigh down. 
BapvaBas, a, ὁ, Barnabas. 
Bacavitw, to torment. 
βασιλεία, as, ἡ, a,reign, a king- 
dom. 
βασιλεύς, ἕως, ὁ, a king. 
βασιλεύω, to reign. 
βιβλίον, ov, τό, a writing. 
βλασφημέω, to blaspheme. 
βλασφημία, as, ἡ, blasphemy. 


VOCABULARY. 


βλέπω, to look, to see. 

βότρυς, vos, ὁ, a bunch of grapes. 

βούλομαι, to will, wish, desire. 

βοῦς, ods, ὁ, ἡ, an ox or cow. 

βραδύς, εἴα, ¥, adj., slow. 

βροντή, js, ἡ, thunder. 

Bpvypds, οὔ, ὁ, a gnashing (of the 
teeth). 

βρύχω, to gnash (the teeth). 

βρῶμα, aros, τό, food. 

βρώσις, ews, ἡ, food. 


r. 

γάλα, axros, τό, milk. 

Γαλιλαία, as, ἡ, Galilee. 

Ταλλίων, wvos, ὁ, Gallio. 

γαμέω, to marry. 

yap, conj., for. 

γαστήρ, τέρος, rpbs, ἡ, the belly. 

γενεά, ἂς, 7, a generation. 

yevvaw, to beget, to bring forth ; 
pass., to be born. 

γῆ, γῆς, ἡ, land, earth. 

γῆρας, aos, ws, τό, old age. 

γίνομαι, to become, to be. 

γλῶσσα, ns, ἡ, the tongue. 

γόνυ, γόνατος, τό, the knee. 

γραμματεύς, éws, 6, a scribe. 

γραφή, ἢς, ἡ, a writing, a scripture. 

γράφω, to write. 

Yen yopéw, to watch. 

γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ, a woman, a wife. 
γυνὴ χήρα, a widow-woman, a 
widow. ‘ 


δάκρυον, ov, τὸ, a tear. 

δέ, conj., but, and ; δὲ καί (emphat- 
ic), and also. ; 

δεῖ, it is necessary, it must be. 

δένδρον, ov, τό, a tree. 

δερμάτινος, 7, ov, adj., leathern. 

δεσμοφύλαξ, axos, ὁ, a jailer. 

δεσπότης, ov, ὁ, a master. 

δέχομαι, to receive. 

δηνάριον, lov, τό, a denarius. 


VOCABULARY. 


διά (with gen. and acc.), through, 
during, in, on account of. 

διαλέγομαι, to discourse. 

διαλογίζομαι, to reason. 

διανοίγω, to open. 

διαστρέφω, to turn away (any one). 

διατίθημι, to appoint, to assign. 

διαφέρω, to differ from, to be worth 
more than. 

διδάσκω, to teach. 

διδαχή, 7s, 7, teaching. 

δίδωμι, to give. 

διερμηνεύω, to interpret. 

δικαιοσύνη, 7s, 7, justice, righteous- 

- ness. 

διορύσσω, to dig through, to break 
through. 

Διοτρεφής, έος, ods, ὁ, Diotrephes. 

διώκω, to pursue, to persecute. 

δϑοκιμάζω, to consider worth, to try, 
to test. 

ϑόξα, ns, 7, glory. 

δοξάζω, to give glory to, to glorify. 

δουλεύω, to serve, to be in servitude. 

δοῦλος, ov, ὁ, a servant. 

δράκων, ovros, ὁ, a dragon. 

δύναμαι, to be able. 

δύναμις, ews, ἡ, power, might, 
strength, 

δύο, two. 


Swpedv, adv., gratuitously, freely. 


E. 
ἐάν (εἰ and dy), if, if perchance. 
ἑαυτοῦ, of himself. 
éyelpw, to raise up; mid., to arise. 
ἐγκόπτω, to hinder. 
ἐγώ, I. 
ἔθνος, ous, τό, a nation. 
el, conj., if; εἰ μή, except. 
εἰμί, to be. 
els (with acc.), to, into, in, for, at. 
εἷς, pla, ἕν, one. 
ἐκ (with gen.), from, because of, on 
account of; before a vowel, éé. 


ἐκδύω, to strip. 

éxet, adv., there. 

ἐκπειράζω, to make trial of, to tempt. 

ἐκπίπτω, to fail. 

ἐκριζόω, to root up. - 

ἐλάσσων or -ττων, ov, adj. (com- 
parative of μικρός), less, younger. 

ἑλκύω, to draw. 

ἝΙλλάς, άδος, ἡ, Hellas, Greece. 

ἐλπίς, (dos, ἡ, hope. 

ἐμαυτοῦ, of myself. 

ἐμβλέπω, to look at, to consider ; 
(with or without eis). 

ἔμπροσθεν, adv. and prep., before. 

ἐμφανίζω, to manifest. 

év (with dat.), in, by, among. 

ἔνδυμα, aros, τό, clothing. 

évexev (with gen.), on account of, for 
the sake of. 

ἔννοια, as, ἡ, thought, purpose. 

ἐντέλλομαι, fut. τελοῦμαι, to com- 
mand. 

ἐντολή, 7s, ἡ, ἃ command. 

ἐνώπιον (with gen.), in the présence 
of, before. 

ἐξαλείφω, to blot out, to wipe away. 

ἐξίστημι, to astonish; mid. and 
aor. 2 act., to be astonished, to 
be beside one’s self. 

ἐξουσία, as, ἡ, power, authority, right. 

ἔξωθεν, adv., from without. τὸ ἔξω- 
θεν, the outside. 

ἐπαγγελία, as, ἡ, a promise. 

ἐπαγγέλλομαι, to promise. 

ἐπί (with gen., dat. and acc.), on, 
upon, towards, at, before (ὦ. 6. in- 
to the presence of). 

ἐπίθεσις, ews, ἡ, a placing on, a lay- 
ing on. 

ἐπιμένω, fut. μενῶ, to remain. 

ἐπιστρέφω, to turn towards, to turn. 

érrovopate, to name. 

ἑπτά, seven. 

ἐργάτης, ov, ὃ, a workman, a laborer. 

ἔργον, ov, τό, work. 


δ0 


ἔρις, ἐδος, 7, strife. 

ἔριφος, ov, ὁ, ἡ, a kid, a young goat. 

“Eppoyévns, eos, ous, ὁ, Hermogenes, 

ἔρχομαι, to come. 

ἐρωτάω, to ask. 

ἐσθίω, to eat. 

ἔσωθεν, adv., from within. 
ἔσωθεν, the inside. 

ératpos, ov, ὁ, a companion, a friend. 

ἕτερος, a, ov, adj., other. 

ἔτι, adv., more, still. 

ἑτοιμάζω, to prepare. 

εὐαγγέλιον, ov, τό, good news, the 
gospel. 

εὑρίσκω, to find. 

Ἔφεσος, ov, ἡ, Ephesus. 

ἔχω, to have, to hold, to consider. 

ἕως, adv., until. 


Z. 


{dw, fut. ζήσω and ζήσομαι, to live. 
Ζεβεδαῖος, ov, ὁ, Zebedee. 

ἵητέω, to seek. 

ζωή, js, ἡ, life. 

ζώνη, ys, 7, a girdle. 


H. 


ἤ, or ; 4 — 4%, either — or. 

ἡγεμών, ὄνος, ὁ, a governor. 

ἡδέως, adv., gladly. 

᾿Ἡλείας, ov, ὁ, Elias, Elijah. 

ἥλιος, ov, ὁ, the sun. 

ἡμεῖς (pl. of ἐγώ) we. 

ἡμέρα, as, ἡ, a day. 

Ἡρώδης, ov, ὁ, Herod. 

“Hpwitds, ddos, ἡ, Herodias. 

Ἡσαΐας, ov, ὁ, Esaias, Isaiah. 

ἥσσων or -ττων, ov, adj. (compar. 
of κακός), worse. 


Θ. 
θάλασσα, ys, ἡ, ἃ sea, a lake. 
θέλημα, aros, τό, will. 

" θέλω, to will, wish, desire. 
θεός, οὔ, ὁ, a god, God. 


τὸ 


VOCABULARY. 


θεραπεύω, to heal, to cure. 
θερισμός, οὔ, ὁ, a harvest. : 
θηρίον, ov, τό, a wild beast, a beast. 
θησαυρίζω, to treasure up. 
θησαυρός, οὔ, ὁ, treasure, wealth. 
θρίξ, G. τριχός, ἡ, a hair. 

θυγατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ, a daughter. 
θυσιαστήριον, ov,7d, an altar. 


2 
ἴδιος, fa, ov, adj., own, one’s own. 
ἰδού, inter7j., behold ! 
‘Iepoveadrp, Jerusalem. 
᾿Ιησοῦς, οὔ, ὁ, Jesus. 
ἱμάς, dvros, ὁ, a thong, a strap, a 
latchet. 
ἵνα, that, in order that, to. 
᾿Ιορδάνης, ov, ὁ, the Jordan. 
*Tovdala, as, ἡ, Judea. 
᾿Ιουδαῖος, a, ov, adj., Jewish ; subst. 
masc., a Jew. 
᾿Ιούϑας, a, ὁ, Judas, Judah. 
ἰσχυρός, d, ov, adj., mighty. 
ἰχθύδιον, ov, τό, a small fish. 
ἰχθύς, vos, ὁ, a fish. 
᾿Ιωάννης, ov, ὁ, John. 
*Iwvas, ἃ, ὁ, Jonah, Jonas. 
Ἰωσήφ, ὁ, Joseph. 
Κ. 
καθαρίζω, to purify, to cleanse. 
καθώς, adv., as. 
καί, conj., and, even, also. 
κακόω, to maltreat,. 
καλέω, to call. 
καλός, ἡ, dv, adj., beautiful, good. 
καλῶς, adv., well. 
κάμηλος, ov, ὁ, ἡ, a camel, 
κἄν (a contraction of καὶ ἐάν), even 
if, though. 
καρϑία, as, ἡ, the heart. 
καρπός, of, ὁ, fruit. 
κατά (with gen. and acc.), down, 
according to. 
καταβαίνω, to go or come down. 


VOCABULARY. 


καταισχύνω, to bring shame upon, 
to dishonor, to disgrace. 

καταλύω, to destroy. 

κρταρτίζω, to prepare. 

κατασείω, to wave, to beckon. 

Katadpovéw, to despise. 

κατεργάζομαι, to work out, to produce, 

κατεφίστημι, to stand up against, 
to rush upon. 

κατέχω, to hold. 

κατηγορέω, to accuse, to accuse of. 

Kavxdopar, to boast. 

κέρας, aros, τό, a horn, 

κεφαλή, ἧς, ἡ, the head. 

κήρυγμα, ατος, τό, preaching. 

κηρύσσω, to proclaim, to preach. 

Κιλικία, as, ἡ, Cilicia. 

κλαίω, to weep. 

κλαυθμός, οὔ, ὁ, a weeping. 

κλείς, κλειδός, ἡ, ἃ key. 

κλέπτης, ov, ὁ, ἃ thief. 

κλέπτω, to steal. 

κλίνω, to recline. 

κόκκος, ov, ὁ, a grain, a seed. 

κολυμβήθρα, as, ἡ, a swimming- 
place, a pool. 

κοράσιον, lov, τό, a girl, a maiden. 

κόσμος, ov, 6, order, the world. 

Kparéw, to lay hold of, hold, retain. 

κρέας, ατος, τό, meat, flesh; pl. 
κρέατα, contr. κρέα. 

κρείσσων, or -ττων, ov, adj. (comp, 
of ἀγαθός), better. 

κρημνός, οὔ, ὁ, a steep place. 

κρίνω, to judge. 

Κρίσπος, ov, ὁ, Crispus. 

κτήμα, ατος, τό, a possession. 

κύριος, ov, ὁ, a lord, a master. 

κύων, G. κυνός, ὁ, ἡ, a dog. 

κώμη, ης5, 7, ἃ village. 

Kas, acc. Κῶν, ἡ, [the island of] 
Cos or Co. 


A. 
Aadéw, to speak, to talk. 


57 


λαμβάνω, to receive. 

λάμπω, to shine, to give light. 

λαός, οὔ, ὁ, a people. 

λατρεύω, to serve. τ 

λέγω, to say, to call. 

λείπω, to leave, to lack, to be wanting. 

λεπρός, οὔ, ὁ, a leper. 

Aevels (or «Δευΐς), acc. «Δευείν (or 
Aeviv), ὁ, Levi. 

λίθος, ov, ὁ, a stone. 

λίμνη, 7s, ἡ, ἃ lake. 

λόγος, ov, ὁ, a word, 

Avda, as, ἡ, Lydia. 

Ate, to loosen. 

«Λώτ, ὁ, Lot. 


Μ. 


μαθητής, οὔ, ὁ, a learner, a disciple. 

μαλακία, as, 7, weakness, disease. 

μανθάνω, to learn. 

Μαριάμ, ἡ, Mary. 

μαρτυρέω, to bear witness, to testify. 

μαρτυρία, as, ἡ, testimony. 

μάρτυς, upos, ὁ, a witness. 

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, adj., great. 

μεθύω, to be drunk. 

μείζων, ov, adj. (comp. of péyas), 
greater, older. 

pév, conjunctive particle, indeed. 

μένω, to remain, to abide. 

pepl{w, to divide. 

μετά (with gen. and ace.), with, after. 

peravoéw, to change one’s mind, to 
repent. 

μή, not ; also an interrogative par- 
ticle. 

μήν, μηνός, ὁ, a month. 

μήτε --- μήτε, neither — nor. 

μήτηρ, τρός, ἡ, a mother. 

μισέω, to hate. 

μνημεῖον, ov, τό, a tomb, a sepulchre. 

μνημονεύω, to remember. 

μονογενής, adj., only begotten. 

μόνος, 7, ov, adj., only, alone. 

Μωὺύσηῆς, éws, ὁ, Moses. 


58 


N. 


ναός, od, ὁ, a temple. 

νεφέλη, ys, ἡ, a cloud. 

νηστεύω, to fast. 

virrw, to wash (some part of the 
body). 

νιπτήρ, fpos, ὁ, a wash-basin. 

voéw, to perceive. 

νόμος, ov, ὁ, a law. 

νόσος, ov, ἡ, sickness, disease. 

νοῦς, νοός, ὁ, mind. 

νύμφη, ης, ἡ, a bride. 

νυμφίος, ov, ὁ, a bridegroom. 

viv, now. 


ΞΑ 
ξηρός, ά, dv, adj., dry; ξηρά (γῆ 
being understood), dry land, land. 


Ο. 
6, ἡ, τό, the. 
ὁδός, οὔ, ἡ, a road, a way. 
ὀδούς, ὀδόντος, ὁ, a tooth. 
οἰκία, as, 7, a house. 
οἰκοδομέω, to build. 
οἶκος, ov, ὁ, a house. 
οἰνοπότης, ov, ὁ, a wine-bibber. 
οἶνος, ov, ὁ, wine. 
ὀλίγος, 7, ov, adj., little; pl. few. 
ὅλος, 7, ov, adj., whole, altogether. 
ὁμοθυμαδόν, adv., with one accord. 
ὅμοιος, a, ov, adj., like. 
ὁμοιόω, to make like, to liken, to 
compare. 
ὁμοίως, adv., in like manner. 
ὁμοῦ, adv., together. 
ὄνομα, aros, τό, a name. 
ὁπλίζω, to arm. 
ὅπου, adv., where. 
ὀργή, fis, 7, anger, wrath. 
ὀργίζω, to be enraged. 
δρμάω, to rush. 
ὄρος, cos, ovs, τό, a mountain, a hill. 
ὅς, 4, 8, who, which ; ὃς ἄν, whoever. 
ὅσος, ἡ, ov, how great, as great as, 
how long, as long as. 


VOCABULARY. 


ὀστέον (contr. ὀστοῦν), ov, τό, a bone. 

ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ T1,whoever, whatever. 

ὀσφύς, vos, ἡ, the loins. 

ὅταν, adv. (ὅτε and ἄν), when, when 
perchance. 

ὅτε, adv., when. _ 

ὅτι, conj., that, because. 

οὐ (οὐκ before smooth and οὐχ before 
aspirated vowels), not. (οὐ is used 
in the statement of negative facts, 
'μή of negative conceptions.) οὐ 
μή (intensive), not at all, by no 
means. 


| οὐδέ, conj., neither, nor. 


οὐδείς, ουδεμία, οὐδέν, no one, none, 
not one. 

οὐδέποτε, adv., never. 

οὖν, conj., therefore, then. 

οὔπω, adv., not yet. 

οὐράνιος, a, ov, adj., heavenly. 

οὐρανός, οὔ, ὁ, heaven. 

οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, this. 

οὕτως (by some editors written οὕτω 
before a consonant), adv., so, thus. 

οὐχί (a strengthened form of οὐ), not. 

ὀφθαλμός, of, ὁ, an eye. 

ὄχλος, ov, ὁ, a crowd, a multitude. 


IL. 


παιδίον, ov, τό, a little child, a child. 

παιδίσκη, 7s, 7, ἃ maiden, a maid- 
servant. 

παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ, a boy, a girl, a 
servant. 

πάλιν, adv., again. 

παρά (with gen., dat. and acc.), near 
by, by, beside, from, of. 


Ἰπαραβολή, js, ἡ, a parable. 


πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν, adj., all, every. 

πάσχω, to suffer. 

πατήρ, G. πατρός, ὁ, a father. 

Παῦλος, οὔ, ὁ, Paul. . 

πεντηκοστή, 7s, ἡ, Pentecost. 

περί (with gen. and acc.), about, con- 
cerning. 


VOCABULARY. 


περιάγω, to lead about, to go about. 

περιπατέω, to walk about, to walk. 

περισσεύω, to cause to abound. 

πετεινόν, οὔ, τό, a fowl, a bird. 

πέτρα, as, 7, a rock. 

Πέτρος, ov, ὁ, Peter. 

πινακίδιον, ov, τό, a tablet. 

πίναξ, axos, ὁ, a trencher, plate, 
platter. 

πίπτω, to fall. 

πιστεύω, to have faith, to believe, 
to believe in, to put trust in, to 
trust, to intrust ; pass., to be be- 
lieved, to be intrusted with. 

πίστις, ews, ἡ, faith. 

πλείων, ov, adj. (compar. of πολύ5), 
more, greater. 

πληγή, ἧς; ἡ; ἃ plague. 

πλῆθος, eos, ous, τό, a great number, 
a multitude. 

πλήρης, ες, adj., full. 

πληρόω, to fill, to fulfil. 

πλησίον, adv., near; ὁ 
neighbor. 

πλοῦς, G. πλοός, ὁ, navigation. 

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό, breath, wind, spirit. 

ποιέω, to do, to make. 

ποιμαίνω, to tend (a flock), 

ποιμήν, évos, ὁ, a herdsman, a shep- 
herd. 

ποίμνη, 7s, ἡ, ἃ flock, 

πόλις, ews, ἡ, a city. 

πολλάκις, adv., often. 

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, 
great. 

πορεύομαι, to go. 

πόσος, 7, ov, how great, how much ; 
pl., how many. 

ποτέ, at some time, once, formerly. 

ποῦ, adv., where. 

πούς, G. πόδος, ὁ, a foot. 

πρίν, adv., before. 

πρόβατον, ov, τό, a sheep. 

προβιβάζω, to urge on. 

πρός (with gen., dat. and acc.), to, 

προσεύχομαι, to pray (to God). 


πλησίον, a 


adj., much, 


59 


προσέχω, to take heed. 

προσήλυτος, ov, ὁ, ἡ, a proselyte. 

προσκυνέω, to worship. 

προσφέρω, to bring to, to bring. 

πρόσωπον, ov, τό, a face, personal 
appearance, person. 

προφέρω, to bring forth. 

προφητεύω, to prophecy. 

προφήτης, ov, ὁ, a prophet. 

πυνθάνομαι, to ask, to inquire, to 
learn. 

πῦρ, pbs, τό, fire. 

πῶς, how. 

σάββατον, ov, τό, a sabbath. 

Σαλαμίς, ivos, ἡ, Salamis. 

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ, flesh. 

Σαῦλος, ov, 6, Saul. 

σεαυτοῦ, of thyself. 

σελήνη, 75, ἡ, the moon. 

σημεῖον, ov, τό, a sign. 

Σιλωάμ,, Siloam. 

Σίμων, ὠνος, ὁ, Simon. 

σίναπι, ews,.76, mustard. 

σιωπάω, to be silent. 

Σολομών, Gvos, ὁ, Solomon. 

σοφία, as, ἡ, wisdom. 

στάχυς, vos, ὁ, an ear of grain. 

στόμα, ατος, τό, ἃ mouth. 

σύ, thou. 

συλλαλέω, to talk with, to converse. 

συμφωνέω, to agree with. 

σύν (with the dat.), with. 

συνάγω, to gather together. 

συναγωγή, ἧς, ἡ, ἃ synagogue. 

συνέρχομαι, to come together. 

συνίημι, to understand. 

συσχηματίζω, to conform to. 

σφραγίζω, to seal. 

σώζω, to heal, to cure, to save. 

σῶμα, aros, τό, a body. 


εἰ 
ταπεινός, ἡ, dv, adj., low, lowly, 


humble. 
ταχύς, cia, ¥, adj., quick, swift. 


00 VOCABULARY. 


τέκνον, ov, τό, a child, a son. 

τελώνης, ov, ὁ, a tax-gatherer, a pub- 
lican. 

τετράρχης, ov, ὁ, a tetrarch. 

τηρέω, to keep. 

τίλλω, to pluck, to pull off. 

τιμή, 7s, ἡ, honor. 

tis, τὶ, m. f., any one, some one, n. 
anything, something. 

τίς, τί, m.f., who? which? 2., what? 
why ? how ? 

τόπος, ov, ὁ, a place. 

τότε, then. 

τρεῖς, three. 

τρέχω, to run; aor. 2 ἔδραμον. 

τρυγάω, to gather (fruit, especially 
grapes). 

τύπτω, to strike. 


τυφλός, 7, dv, adj., blind. 


Y. 
ὕδωρ, G. ὕδατος, τό, water. 


vids, οὔ, 6, a son. 

ὑμεῖς (pl. of σύ), you. 

ὑπάγω, to go. 

ὑπακούω, to hearken unto. 

ὑπέρ (with gen. and acc.), over, be- 
cause οἵ, 

ὑπό (with gen. and acc.), by. 

ὑπολαμβάνω, to suppose. 

ὑποστρέφω, to turn back, to return. 

ts, ids, ὁ, ἡ, a swine. 

ὕψος, ous, τό, elevation, dignity. 

ὑψόω, to lift up. 


~\ ®, 


φάγος, ov, ὁ, a glutton. 

φαίνω, to show ; pass. or mid., to 
appear. 

φανός, οὔ, ὁ, a light, a torch, a lan- 
tern. 

Φαρισαῖος, ov, ὁ, a Pharisee. 

φέρω, to bear. 

φεύγω, to flee, to escape; aor. 2 


ἔφυγον. 


φημί, to say. 

φιλαδελφία, as, brotherly love. 

φιλέω, to love. 

Φίλιππος, ov, ὁ, Philip. 

φίλος, ov, ὁ, a friend. 

φοβέομαι, to be frightened, to fear, 
to reverence. 

φόβος, ov, ὁ, fear. 

φονεύω, to kill. 

φρέαρ, φρέατος, τό, a well, a pit. 

φρόνιμος, 7, ov, adj., prudent, wise. 

φυλή, fis, ἡ, a tribe. 

φυτεία, as, ἡ, a plant. 

φυτεύω, to plant. 

φωνή, ἧς, 7, a voice. 


xX. 


χάλαζα, ns, ἡ, hail. 

χείρ, pds, ἡ, a hand. 

χήρα, as, ἡ, a widow. 

χλαμύς, vdos, a robe, — probably a 
military cloak. 

χοῖρος, ov, ὁ, 7, a swine. 

χοῦς, ods, ὁ, earth, dirt, dust. 

χράομαι, to use, to make use of. 

χρεία, as, 7, need. 

Χριστός, adj., anointed; 6 Χρισ- 
τός, the Christ, Christ. 

χρόνος, ov, ὁ, time. 

χρυσός, οὔ, ὁ, gold. 

χωρίς, apart from, besides. 


Ww, 
Ψαλμός, of, ὁ, a psalm. 


ψευδοπροφήτης, ov, ὁ, 
prophet. 


a false 


2. 


ὧδε, adv., here. 

#51, 7s, ἡ, an ode, a song. 
ὠϑίν, ivos, ἡ, a birth-pang. 
as, adv., as, as it were. 
ὡσεί, ἃ5 if, about. 

ὥσπερ, adv., just as. 


a Ὁ 


APPENDIX. 


, 


A. Synopsis of the verb 7LOTEVO. 


ACTIVE VOICE, 


PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICES. 


Indicative. Subjunctive. Optative. Imperative.| Infinitive. Participle. 
Pres. πιστεύω, πιστεύω πιστεύοιμι [πίστευε πιστεύειν πιστεύων 
Imperf. ἐπίστευον 
Fut. πιστεύσω πιστεύσων 
Aor. ἐπίστευσα πιστεύσω Ἂπιστεύσαιμι [πίστευσον [πιστεῦσαι πιστεύσας 
Perf. πεπίστευκα πεπιστευκέναι πεπιστευκώς 
Plup. ἐπεπιστεύκειν 
Pres. πιστεύομαι πιστεύωμαι [πιστευοίμην πιστεύουν ᾿πιστεύεσθαι ᾿πιστευόμενος 
Imperf. ἰἐπιστευόμην 
Fut. Pass. ᾿πιστευθήσομαι 
Fut. Mid. ᾿πιστεύσομαι | 
Aor. Pass. ἐπιστεύθην ἱπιστευθῶ [πιστευθείην [πιστεύθητι [πιστευθῆναι [πιστευθείς 
Aor. Mid. ἐἐπιστευσάμην ᾿πιστεύσωμαι[πιστευσαίμην πίστευσαι 'πιστεύσασθαιπιστευσάμενος 
Perf. πεπίστευμαι πεπίστευσο πεπιστεῦσθαι πεπιστευμένος 
Plup. ἐπεπιστεύμην 


62 


APPENDIX B. 


B. Paradigm of the verb πιστεύω." 


_ACTIVE Voice. — Πιυαίοαξίυο Mode. 


Present. 
Sing. 1. πιστεύω 
2. πιστεύεις 
3. πιστεύει 
Pl. 1. πιστεύομεν 
2. πιστεύετε 
8. πιστεύουσι(ν) 


Imperfect. 
Sing. 1. [ἐπίστευον 
2. [ἐπίστευες] 
ὃ. ἐπίστευε(ν) 
Pl. 1. [ἐπιστεύομεν] 
2. ἐπιστεύετε 
3. ἐπίστευον 


Future. P Aorist. 
Sing. 1. πιστεύσω Sing. 1. ἐπίστευσα 
2. [πιστεύσεις] 2. ἐπίστευσας 
3. πιστεύσει 3. ἐπίστευσε(ν) 
Pl. 1. πιστεύσομεν Ρ]. 1. ἐπιστεύσαμεν 
2. πιστεύσετε 2. ἐπιστεύσατε 
3. πιστεύσουσι(ν) 3. ἐπίστευσαν 
Perfect. Pluperfect. 
Sing. 1. πεπίστευκα Sing. 1. [ἐπεπιστεύκειν 
2. πεπίστευκας 2. [ἐπεπιστεύκεις] 
3. πεπίστευκε(ν) 3. [éremorevxer] 
Pl. 1. πεπιστεύκαμεν Pl. 1. [ἐπεπιστεύκειμεν 
2. πεπιστεύκατε 2. [ἐπεπιστεύκειτε) 
8. [πεπιστεύκασι(ν)} 8. ἐπεπιστεύκεισαν ᾿ 
Subjunctive Mode. | 
Present. Aorist. 
Sing. 1. [πιστεύω]. Sing. 1. πιστεύσω 
2. [πιστεύῃς] 2. πιστεύσῃς 
3. πιστεύῃ 3. πιστεύσῃ 
PL. 1. {πιστεύωμεν Pl. 1. πιστεύσωμεν ' 
2. πιστεύητε 2. πιστεύσητε 
8. {πιστεύωσι(ν)} 3. πιστεύσωσιᾳ(ν) 


Optative Mode. . 
Present. Aorist. 


Sing. 1. [πιστεύοιμι Sing. 1. {[πιστεύσαιμι 

2. [πιστεύοις] 2. [πιστεύσαις] 

3. [πιστεύοι] 8. [πιστεύσαι] 

Pl. 1. [{πιστεύοιμεν Pl. 1. [πιστεύσαιμεν 
2. [πιστεύοιτε] 2. [πιστεύσαιτε] 

8. [{πιστεύοιεν] 8. [{πιστεύσαιεν or -evav] 


* For infinitives and participles, see ‘‘ Synopsis,” p. 61. 


APPENDIX B. 


Imperative Mode. 


Present. 
Sing. 2. πίστευε 
8. [πιστευέτω] 
Pl, 2. πιστεύετε 
8. [πιστευέτωσαν 


Aorist. 
Sing. 2. πίστευσον 
8. [πιστευσάτω] 
Pl. 2. πιστεύσατε 
8. [πιστευσάτωσαν 


PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VoicEs. — Indicative Mode. 


Present passive and middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστεύομαι] 
2. [πιστεύῃ] 
3. πιστεύεται 
Pl. 1. [πιστευόμεθα] 
2. [πιστεύεσθε) 
8. [πιστεύονται] 
Future passive. 
Sing. 1. [πιστευθήσομαι] 
2. [πιστευθήσῃ] 
8. [πιστευθήσεται] 
ΡΙ. 1. [πιστευθησόμεθα] 
2. [πιστευθήσεσθε) 
8. [πιστευθήσονται] 
Aorist passive. 
Sing. 1. ἐπιστεύθην 
2. [ἐπιστεύθης] 
3. ἐπιστεύθη. 
Pl. 1. [ἐπιστεύθημεν 
2. [ἐπιστεύθητε]. 
3. ἐπιστεύθησαν 
Perfect passive and middle. 
Sing. 1. πεπίστευμαι 
2. [wemlorevoa] 
3. [πεπίστευται] 
PL. 1. [πεπιστεύμεθα] 
2. [πεπίστευσθε] 
3. [πεπίστευνται 


Imperfect passive and middle. 
Sing. 1. [ἐπιστευόμην] 
2. [ἐπιστεύου) 
8. [ἐπιστεύετο] 
ΡΙ. 1. [ἐπιστευόμεθα 
2. [ἐπιστεύεσθε] 
8. [ἐπιστεύοντο] 
Future middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστεύσομαι] 
2. [πιστεύση] 
3. [πιστεύσεται 
Pl. 1. [πιστευσόμεθα] 
2. [πιστεύσεσθε) 
8. [πιστεύσονται 
Aorist middle. 
Sing. 1. [ἐπιστευσάμην 
2. [ἐπιστεύσω] 
8. [ἐπιστεύσατο] 
Pl. 1. [ἐπιστευσάμεθα] 
2.. [ἐπιστεύσασθε] 
8. [ἐπιστεύσαντο] 
Pluperfect passive and middle. 
. [{ἐπεπιστεύμην 
2. [ἐπεπίστευσο) — 
3. [ἐπεπίστευτο] 
1. [ἐπεπιστεύμεθα] 
2. [ἐπεπίστευσθε 
3. [{ἐπεπίστευντο] 


_, Subjunctive Mode, 
Present passive and middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστεύωμαι] 

. 2. [πιστεύῃ] 
3. [πιστεύηται] 


63 


64 APPENDIX B. ‘ 


Pl. 1. [πιστευώμεθα] 
2. [πιστεύησθε] 
3. [πιστεύωνται] 


Aorist passive. 
Sing. 1. [πιστευθῶ] 
2. [πιστευθῇς] 
3. [πιστευθῇ] 
Pl. 1. {πιστευθῶμεν] 
2. [πιστευθῆτε] 
9. [πιστευθῶσι(ν) 


Aorist middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστεύσωμαι] 
2. [πιστεύσῃ] 
3. [πιστεύσηται] 
1. [πιστευσώμεθα) _ 
2. [πιστεύσησθε] 
3. [{πιστεύσωνται} 


Optative Mode. 
Present passive and middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστευοίμην] 
2. [πιστεύοιο] 

3. [πιστεύοιτο] 
Pl. 1. [πιστευοἰμεθα] 

2. [{πιστεύοισθε] 

8. [{πιστεύοιντο] 


Aorist passive. 
Sing. 1. [πιστευθείην] 
2. [{πιστευθείης] 
3. [πιστευθείη] 


Aorist middle. 
Sing. 1. [πιστευσαίμην] 
2. [{πιστεύσαιο] 
8. [πιστεύσαιτο] 
Pl. 1. [πιστευσαίμεθα] 


PL 1. [{πιστευθείημεν 
2. [πιστευθείητε] 2. [πιστεύσαισθε) 
8. [{πιστευθείησα»] 3. [πιστεύσαιντο] 
Imperative Mode. 
Present passive and middle. Perfect passive and middle. 


Sing. 2. [murevov] 
8. [πιστευέσθω] 
Pl. 2. {[πιστεύεσθε] 
8. [πιστευέσθωσα» 
Aorist passive. 
Sing. 2. [πιστεύθητι] 
8. [πιστευθήτω] 
Pl. 2. [πιστεύθητε] 
8. [πιστευθήτωσαν 


Sing. 2. [πεπίστευσο] 
8. [πεπιστεύσθω] 
Pl. 2. [πεπίστευσθε] 
8. [πεπιστεὐύσθωσαν 
Aorist middle. 
Sing. 2. [πίστευσαι] 
8. [πιστευσάσθω] 
Pl. 2. [πιστεύσασθε] 
3. [πιστευσάσθωσαν 


4 


APPENDIX C. 


C. Tabular View of the Endings of Nouns. 


65 


Singular. Plural. 
N. G. Ὁ. A. Vv. N. G. Ὁ. A. 
_ ja 175 n av αι ων αις as τῷ 
Εἰ. [η ἧς 0 nv αι ων αις ας gi 
@ [αὐ las ig av, αι ων aus as Ss 
= jas jov @ αν αι ων aus as pes 
S ins jov n wii αι ων aus as ody" 
3 (n) oo 
Ε ας ja ᾳ αν α αι ων ats as “os 
- ἀ 
BS djos ἰοὺ ῳ ov € οἱ ων ous ous § 19 
3 Salov lov ῳ ov a wy ous a sf 
RA 
a |aros jare fa ara ἰατων jacw fara § 22 
ap |aros ap ες 
ας 'ἴατὸς jare jas ara ἰατωὼν ἰασν jara “ 
υ [[ατο9] υ ασιν ἰαταὰ ἐς 
wp jaros jare |wp ara ἰατων ἰασιν fara τ 
ais |jacdos ada αἰδων jaw jadas | ὃ 24 
as |ados jade jada ades ἰαδωὼν |acw ἰαδὰς 
εἰς εἰδος jecde [εἰδα εἰδες jecdwy Ἰεισιν ['εἰιδας ss 
ts jedos fede [tex wes jOwv ἰισν ἰ[ιδὰς εἰς 
ους οδος οδα odes ἰοδωὼν ἰοσιν  |odas τς 
gd jus |vdos |vde |vda vies |vdwy |vow  |vdas iy 
‘a es [Bos | ἐν 
& [5 [ητὸς τι |nra τες [των |now ἴητας ὃ 25 
S| [eros] t as 
nee SOP OR: ere - are tres των iow [ιτας τὰς 
Ξ ἰως |ωτὸς jwre [ὼς WT WY 4 
FE jous |[wros] ous wra wow lwra τς 
&  |Kos {κε κα kes [kw ᾿" ἰξιν κας § 27 
ἕξ yos lve ya yes lywr |e yas ΜΝ 
δ  lxos {xe xa χες ἰχων ἰξιν χας $3 
ἕξ KTOS [κτι κτα κτες ἱκτων ἴξιν κτας τὰ 
Ψ |ros |e πα πες πων lw Tas “i 
y |Bos {Be Ba Bes |Bov ὩῬ{ψιν Bas δ 
n QiKos jatKe |arKa [αι αἰκες Ἰαικων jattw αικας δὲ 
[a] ακτος α s 
as javros ἰαντι javra avres javrwy jacw ἀντας § 29 
nS  jevTos pe 


66 APPENDIX C, . 

= 

Singular. Plural. 
N. G. Ὁ. A. Ὑ, N. G. D. A. 
- 

ovs ΟνΡΤος ovTa ovTes Ὄντων ovras | § 29 
ων jovros jovTt 4ovTa ovTes jovTwy οὐσιν jovTas af 
[avs] τ Ἰαὺν § 31 
evs jews εἰ ea [εν | es εων ευσιν εις ἊΣ 
ms jews εἰ εα “ 
(7) |(1) a 
[7 ews ah 
ts = jews [εἰ wv εἰς εων εσιν [εἰς ἐν 
υς υν ων ve 
(ewv) af 
"ἰ |¢P |apos jape japa apes |apwv lapow japas | ὃ 33 
= jeup jetpos jecpe 'εἰρα εἰρες ᾿ειρων Ἰερσιν jecpas ny 
S jmp |npos ρει ρα mpes |npwy |npow |npas -ξ 
S |np |epos 'ερι 1[έρὰ epes |epwv lepow |epas a 
εἶ jup |upos |upe up i 
lus  |upos υρα υρες |upwy |vow 'υρας - 
3 |wp Ἰορος jope |opa opes jopwy ἰορσιν |jopas ἧς 
3 |np Ἶρος [ῥρι ερὰ |ep |epes Ἰερων |pacw 'ερας | ὃ 35 
A Inp |dpos |dpe |dpa ερ | dpes |dpwy |dpacw |dpas δὲ 
= lw |nvos νι |mva nves |\nvov |now |nvas | §37 
& |nv levos jen leva eves jevwv |eow Ἰενας 4 
ιν wow was τ 
[es] wt Ἐξ 
ων |wvos jw jwva wes Ἰωνωὼν |wow jwras si 
wy νος ον ova oves jovwy joow  jovas ἐξ 
os jovs jet os n wy ecw [|η § 39 
(ew) ' ee 
[ws] lous δ 
ous ουν οων ous § 40 
υ [νος [νι υ va voy = |vow Ἶνα § 42 
vs |vos |v uv ves υων vow νας " 


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meneutics ; II. The Single Operations of the Scripture Interpreter ; III. 
The Religious Understanding. The elaborate history of Scripture inter- 
aps ia aud the several methods of exegesis that have from time to time 

een employed, constitute a very important portion of the work.... We 
heartily commend it to our young ministers in particular, in the belief 
that in mastering it they will greatly enrich their teachings of the sacred 
word.” — Methodist Quarterly Review. 

“Perfect in method, thorough, and truly German in its scholarship, yet 
fresh and interesting in its treatment, and translated in a clear and at- 
tractive English style, it will meet a real need of theological students 
and ministers, and must stimulate a scholarly study on the part of such.” 
—Christian Register. 1-78 


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